ISBN-13: 9781468426571 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 654 str.
ISBN-13: 9781468426571 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 654 str.
There is little need to emphasize the importance of membrane-linked enzymes parti cipating in phospholipid, sterol, protein, and glycoprotein synthesis or in the synthesis of bacterial cell wall. Chapters on these topics constitute the core of the second volume of The Enzymes of Biological Membranes. In addition the volume contains an elegant chapter on galactosaminyl and galactosyl transferases in virus-transformed cells and separate chapters on glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate oxidase, UDP glucuronyl transferase, and the role of platelet membrane enzymes in hemostasis. In all there are well over one hundred membrane-linked steps in these processes, and we owe much to the authors for providing us with a balanced, informative, and compre hensive account of some of the most complicated biosynthetic reactions. The treatment varies from chapter to chapter as dictated by the state of the field. Well characterized enzymes are reviewed in individual chapters while lesser known ones are discussed within the framework of biosynthetic pathways. In each case, review of present knowledge and identification of areas offuture research are equally important aims of the work. The gracious collaboration of authors in meeting deadlines and providing help with the indexes is gratefully acknowledged. My warmest thanks are also due to the staff of Plenum Press and to Miss Helen Hartzog for their help.
A.- 1 Enzymes of Membrane Phospholipid Metabolism in Animals.- I. Introduction.- II. Type 1 Reactions.- A. Acylation of Glycero-3-phosphate.- B. Esterification of Saturated Fatty Acids to Phospholipids.- G. Hydrolysis of the 1-Acyl Ester in Phospholipids.- D. Other Lysophospholipase Activities.- III. Type 2 Reactions.- A. Formation of the 2-Acyl Ester of Phosphatidic Acid.- B. Esterification of Unsaturated Fatty Acids to Phospholipids.- C. Hydrolysis of the 2-Acyl Ester.- IV. Type 3 Reactions.- A. Diacylglycerol Kinase.- B. Choline and Ethanolamine Phosphotransferase.- G. Hydrolysis of Phosphatidic Acid.- D. Phosphatidylinositol Phosphodiesterases.- V. Type 4 Reactions.- A. Alcohol Phosphates for Phospholipid Synthesis.- B. Activation and Transfer of Phosphatidic Acid.- G. Exchange of Phosphatidyl Units among Lipid Classes.- VI. Type 5 Reactions.- A. Methylation of Phosphatidylethanolamine Derivatives.- B. Decarboxylation of Phosphatidylserine.- G. Formation of Diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin).- D. Modification of Inositol Lipids.- VII. Phosphorus Turnover during Membrane Stimulation and Permeation.- VIII. Acyl Chain Turnover during Membrane Stimulation and Permeation.- A. Membrane Activation and Mitogenesis.- B. Phagocytosis and the “Release” Response.- C. Platelet Aggregation and Release.- D. The “Slow-Reacting-Substance” Phenomenon.- E. Thyroid Stimulation.- IX. Microenvironmental Considerations of Accessibility of Membrane Phospholipids.- A. Peroxidation Effects.- B. Sidedness.- G. Gationic Proteins.- D. Fusion.- E. Exchange of Intact Lipid Molecules.- X. Origins of Lipid Species.- References.- 2 Microsomal Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Ether-Linked Glycerolipids and Their Precursors in Mammals.- I. Introduction.- II. Enzymes Related to Fatty Alcohol Metabolism.- III. Biosynthetic Enzymes.- A. Acyl-GoA: Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Acyltransferase.- B. Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate-Forming Enzyme.- G. NADPH: Acyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate Oxidoreductase.- D. NADPH: Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphate Oxidoreductase.- E. NADPH: Alkyldihydroxyacetone Oxidoreductase.- F. ATP: Alkyldihydroxyacetone Phosphotransferase.- G. ATP:1-Alky-sn-glycerol Phosphotransferase.- H. Acyl-CoA:1-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol Acyltransferase.- I. Acyl-CoA:1-Alk-1?-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol Acyltransferase.- J. Acyl-GoA: 1-Radyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (-Phosphoethanolamine) Acyltransferase.- K. 1-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol:GDP-Gholine (GDP-Ethanolamine) Choline (Ethanolamine) Phosphotransferase.- L. 1-Alkyl-1?-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol:CDP-Choline (GDP-Ethanolamine) Choline (Ethanolamine) Phosphotransferase.- M. Base-Exchange Reactions.- N. l-Alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine Desaturase.- IV. Gatabolic Enzymes.- A. Alkyl Cleavage Enzyme.- B. Alk-1-enyl Cleavage Enzymes (Plasmalogenases).- C. Phosphohydrolases That Utilize Ether-Linked Phospholipids as Substrates.- D. Phospholipases that Utilize Ether-Linked Substrates.- References.- 3 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase and Transport of Fatty Acids.- I. Introduction.- A. Metabolic Fate of Long-Chain Fatty Acids.- B. Role of Carnitine in Fatty Acid Oxidation.- G. Carnitine Ester Hydrolase.- II. Assays.- A. Use of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption.- B. Isotope-Exchange Method.- C. Direct Assays.- III. Mitochondrial Compartmentation.- A. Substrate Permeability.- B. Intracellular Localization.- C. Mitochondrial Localization.- IV. Purification and Characterization of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase.- V. Substrate Specificity.- A. Carnitine.- B. Acylcamitine and Acyl-GoA.- VI. Inhibitors.- A. Acyl-d-carnitine.- B. 2-Bromoacyl Derivatives.- C. Atractyloside.- VII. Changes in Tissue Enzymatic Activity.- A. Increases in Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity.- B. Decreases in Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity.- C. Is Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase Activity the Rate-Limiting Step in Fatty Acid Oxidation ?.- VIII. Role of Carnitine in Acyl-Group Transport across the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane.- IV. Summary and Future.- References.- 4 Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Plant Lipid Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Oxidative Systems.- A. ?-Oxidation.- B. ?-Oxidation.- C. Hydroxylation Systems.- III. Biosynthesis of Lipids.- IV. Desaturation Systems.- V. Complex Lipid Formation.- VI. The Chloroplast System.- References.- 5 Membrane-Bound Enzymes of Sterol Metabolism.- I. Introduction.- II. Methodology.- III. Enzymes Synthesizing Cholesterol.- A. HMG-CoA Reductase.- B. Squalene Synthetase.- C. Enzymes Converting Squalene to Cholesterol.- IV. Enzymes Synthesizing Bile Acids.- A. Cholesterol 7?-Hydroxylase.- B. Enzymes Converting 7a-Hydroxycholesterol to Bile Acids.- V. Enzymes Synthesizing Steroid Hormones.- A. Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme.- B. Enzymes Converting Pregnenolone to Steroid Hormones.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 6 Membrane-Bound Enzymes in Plant Sterol Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Initial Stages.- A. HMG-CoA Reductase (EC 1.1.1.34).- B. Farnesyl Pyrophosphate: Squalene Synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1.).- III. Cyclization of Squalene.- A. Squalene Monooxidase (EC 1.14.99.7).- B. Oxidosqualene Cyclases.- IV. Formation of Sterols from Gycloartenol.- A. Cycloeucalenol:Obtusifoliol Isomerase.- B. S-Adenosylmethionine: ?24-Triterpene Methyltransferases.- V. 5?-Hydroxysterol Dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.62).- VI. D-Glucosylation of Phytosterols and Acylation of Sterol D-Glucosides.- A. Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: Sterol Transglucosylase.- B. Phosphatidylethanolamine: Sterol Glucoside Transacylase.- VII. Summary.- References.- B.- 7 Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cell Walls.- I. Introduction.- II. Peptidoglycan.- A. Structure of Peptidoglycan.- B. Biosynthesis of Peptidoglycan.- III. Lipopolysaccharide.- A. Structure of Lipopolysaccharide.- B. Biosynthesis of Lipopolysaccharide.- IV. Teichoic Acid.- A. Structure of Teichoic Acid.- B. Biosynthesis of Teichoic Acid.- V. Control of Cell-Wall Biosynthesis.- A. Control of Polymer Structure.- B. Control of Wall Composition.- C. Control of the Rate of Cell-Wall Synthesis.- References.- 8 C55-Isoprenoid Alcohol Phosphokinase: An Intrinsic Membrane Enzyme.- I. Introduction.- II. Purification and Properties.- III. Activation by Phospholipids.- IV. Activation by Fatty Acids.- V. The Model.- VI. Activation by Neutral Detergents.- VII. Biophysical Studies.- VIII. Conclusion.- References.- 9 Glycosyltransferases and Glycoprotein Biosynthesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Chemistry of Glycoproteins.- A. N-Acetylglucosaminyl-Asparagine Linkage.- B. N-Acetylgalactosaminyl-Serine (-Threonine) Linkage.- III. Biosynthesis of Glycoproteins.- A. General Aspects of Protein and Oligosaccharide Biosynthesis.- B. Sialyltransferases.- C. Fucosyltransferases.- D. Galactosyltransferases.- E. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases.- F. N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases.- G. Lipid Intermediates.- IV. Subcellular Locations of Glycosyltransferases.- V. Regulation of Glycosyltransferases.- A. Regulation of Oligosaccharide Structure.- B. Regulation of Glycosyltransferase Activities.- C. Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis and the Role of Activators.- VI. Assay of Glycosyltransferases.- A. Sugar-Nucleotides.- B. Acceptors.- C. Assay Procedures.- D. Product Identification.- VII. Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 10 Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus in the Biosynthesis of Plasma Glycoproteins.- I. Introduction.- II. Sugar Nucleotides.- III. Subcellular Sites of Carbohydrate Incorporation into Glycoproteins.- A. Glycosylation of Nascent Proteins (Site 1).- B. The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum (Site 2).- C. Role of the Golgi Apparatus (Site 3).- IV. Role of Lipid-Bound Sugars.- V. Secretion of Glycoprotein from the Liver.- VI. Factors Influencing Glycoprotein Synthesis.- A. Drugs and Natural Affectors.- B. Choline Deficiency.- C. Vitamin A.- D. Vitamin K.- E. Diseases.- F. Viruses.- VII. Regulation of Glycoprotein Synthesis.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Alterations of Galactosaminyl- and Galactosyltransferases in Cultured Mammalian Cells and in Vivo.- I. Nature of the Reactions.- II. N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Activity in Normal and Virus-Transformed Cells.- A. Contact-Inhibited Ceils.- B. Tumorigenic DNA Virus-Transformed Cells.- C. Moloney Sarcoma Virus-Transformed Cells.- III. Galactosyltransferase.- A. Activity in Contact-Inhibited Cells.- B. Tumorigenic RNA Virus-Transformed Cells.- C. Effect of Chemical Carcinogens.- D. Effect of X-Irradiation.- IV. Generality of the Phenomena.- A. Block in Gm2 Synthesis.- B. Block in GM1 Synthesis.- V. Relationship of Altered Glycosyltransferase Activity to Tumorigenesis.- A. Altered Ganglioside Biosynthesis in Tumors.- B. A Role for Gangliosides.- C. Molecular Mechanisms.- VI. GM3 Gangliosidosis.- A. Clinical Manifestations.- B. Biochemical Findings.- C. Enzymatic Abnormality.- VII. Relationship of Altered Glycolipid Synthesis to Central Nervous System Development.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 12 The Effects of Lipid-Protein Interactions on the Kinetic Parameters of Microsomal UDP-Glucuronyltransferase.- I. Introduction.- II. The Heterogeneity of UDP-Glucuronyltransferases.- III. Evidence for the Lipid Dependence of the Activity of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase.- A. Effects of Phospholipases A and G on Enzyme Activity.- B. Effects of Amphipathic and Chaotropic Agents.- IV. Modification of the Kinetic and Regulatory Properties of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase in Response to Perturbation of Membrane Structure.- A. Effects of Phospholipase A on Affinity for Substrates and Inhibitors.- B. Effects of Phospholipase A on Activity at Fmax.- C. Effects of Phospholipase A on Allosteric Properties.- D. Effects of Phospholipase G on Kinetic Properties.- E. Effects of Triton X-100 on Kinetic and Regulatory Properties.- V. Effects of Perturbation of Membrane Lipids on Rates of Glucuronidation of Compounds Other Than p-Nitrophenol.- VI. The Physical Basis of Activation of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase by Treatment with Phospholipases and Detergents.- A. Compartmentation of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase.- B. A Conformational Model of Activation.- VII. Modification of the Kinetic and Regulatory Properties of UDP-Glucuronyltransferase in Response to Temperature-Induced Perturbations of Membrane Fluidity.- VIII. Conclusions.- References.- C.- 13 Glucose-6-phosphatase.- I. Introduction.- II. Some General Characteristics of the Enzyme.- A. Multifunctional Nature.- B. Kinetic Mechanism.- C. Distribution of the Enzyme.- III. Assays.- IV. Solubilization, Purification, and Some Physical and Chemical Properties.- A. Solubilization.- B. Attempts at Purification, and Some Physical and Chemical Properties.- V. Comparative Latency of Activities of Various Membranous Preparations.- VI. Catalytic Properties of Activities of Various “Native” and Modified Membranous Preparations.- A. Km and Apparent Km Values.- B. Kt Values.- C. Activity-pH Profiles.- D. Catalytic Characteristics of Activities of Plasma Membrane Preparations.- VII. Developmental Considerations: Biogenesis of Endoplasmic Reticulum.- A. Membrane Reconstruction Studies.- VIII. Correlative Studies of Latency-Membrane Morphology Interrelationships.- IX. Some Mechanistic Considerations.- X. Physiological Implications.- XI. Conclusions.- References.- 14 Pyruvate Oxidase.- I. Introduction.- II. Purification and Structure of Pyruvate Oxidase.- III. Lipid Activation of Pyruvate Oxidase.- IV. Trypsin Activation of Pyruvate Oxidase.- V. Comparison of Lipid-Activated and Trypsin-Activated Oxidase.- A. Pyruvate.- B. TPP.- C. DGIP.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 15 Membrane-Associated Metabolic Systems Induced by Bacteriophage T4 Infection of Escherichia coli.- I. Introduction.- II. Structural Alterations of the Cell Envelope after T4 Infection.- A. Membrane Lipids.- B. Membrane Permeability and Release of Host Components.- C. Membrane Association of DNA Polymerase I.- D. Membrane Association of T4 Phage-Induced Proteins.- E. Inhibition of Membrane-Associated Host Enzyme Systems.- III. Early Membrane-Related Phenomena.- A. Lysis Inhibition.- B. Temporal Exclusion, Superinfection Breakdown, and Immunity to Killing by Phage Ghosts.- IV. Membrane Association of Host DNA after Infection.- V. Membrane Association of the Viral Replicative Apparatus.- A. Membrane Association of Replicating T4 DNA.- B. Components of the Replicative Apparatus.- VI. Role of the Membrane in Viral Assembly.- VII. Conclusions.- References.- 16 Functional Specialization of Membrane-Bound Ribosomes in Eukaryotic Cells.- I. Introduction.- II. Structural Aspects of Binding of Ribosomes to Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes.- III. Exchange of Ribosomal Subunits between Free and Bound Ribosomes.- IV. Ribosome Binding Sites in Microsomal Membranes.- V. Translation on Microsomal Membranes.- VI. Relationship of Binding Sites to Other ER Membrane Proteins.- VII. Intracellular Destination of Products in the ER Lumen.- VIII. Membrane-Bound Ribosomes and the Synthesis of Membrane Proteins.- IX. Role of Membrane-Bound Ribosomes in Organelle Biogenesis.- X. Relationship of mRNA to ER Membranes.- XI. A Model for Translation in Bound Polysomes.- References.- 17 Platelet Membrane Enzymes and Hemostasis.- I. Introduction.- II. Origin, Structure, and Metabolism of Platelets.- III. The Platelet Plasma Membrane.- A. Structure and Isolation of the Membrane.- B. Lipid Composition 586 G. Protein Components.- D. Electrokinetic Properties of the Platelet Surface.- IV. Platelet Adhesion and Release.- V. Platelet Aggregation and Release.- A. Measurement of Aggregation and Release.- B. Aggregation Induced by Nucleotides.- C. Aggregation Induced by Thrombin.- D. Other Aggregating Agents.- VI. Inhibitors of Aggregation.- A. Structural Analogs of Aggregating Agents.- B. Reagents Combining with Essential Functional Groups on the Platelet Membrane.- C. Inhibitors of Proteolytic Enzymes.- D. Compounds that Affect Membrane Structure.- VII. Membrane Involvement in Platelet Aggregation and Release.- References.- Author Index.
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