The Collagens: Biochemistry and Pathophysiology

ISBN-13: 9783642761997 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 430 str.

Eugene J. Kucharz

Opis

This book describes every manner in which collagen is involved in normal anddisease-altered states of the various organs and systems. In the first part of the book the biochemical aspects of collagens are reviewed, including their structure, heterogeneity, syntheses, and degradation. The main part focuses on the involvement of collagen in bone, cartilage, tendon, muscle, heart, vessels, lungs, liver, skin, eye, ear, teeth, periodontal tissues, kidneys and reproductive, hemopoietic, and nervous systems. The influence of radiation and nutrition on collagen, the role of collagen in neoplasms, the hormonal control of its metabolism, immunobiology and the pharmacology of collagen are also described. The most important feature of the book is the comprehensive review of the medical aspects of collagen, from those known in detail to those only hypothesized including hereditary disorders affecting collagen and so-called collagen diseases. Each chapter reviewsknown or possible mechanisms of collagen involvement and changes in indices of collagen which can be measured in clinical practice to monitor these phenomena. The fact that collagen is involved into the pathophysiology of almost all organs and body systems means that physicians in almost all branches of medicine will find this book of great interest.

Spis treści

1 Introduction: Historical Outline.- 2 Structure, Heterogeneity, and Distribution.- 2.1 Basic Nomenclature.- 2.2 Triple-Chain Helical Structure.- 2.3 Distribution.- 2.4 Classification and General Structural Features of the Collagens.- 2.5 Type I, Type II, Type III Collagens, and Type I-Trimer Collagen.- 2.6 Type IV Collagen.- 2.7 Type V Collagen.- 2.8 Type VI Collagen.- 2.9 Type VII Collagen.- 2.10 Type VIII Collagen.- 2.11 Type IX Collagen.- 2.12 Type X Collagen.- 2.13 Type XI Collagen.- 2.14 Type XII Collagen.- 2.15 Type XIII Collagen.- 2.16 Proteins Containing a Collagenlike Sequence.- 2.16.1 Acetylcholinesterase.- 2.16.2 Mammalian Lectins.- 2.16.2.1 Complement Component C1q.- 2.16.2.2 Conglutinin.- 2.16.2.3 Mannan-Binding Protein.- 2.16.2.4 Lung Surfactant Protein.- 3 Biosynthesis of Collagen.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Procollagen Genes.- 3.3 Cleavage of the Signal Peptide.- 3.4 Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.- 3.5 Glycosylation of Hydroxylysine Residues.- 3.6 Glycosylation of Asparagine Residues.- 3.7 Chain Association, Disulfide Bonding, and Formation of the Helical Structure.- 3.8 Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.- 3.9 Formation of the Supramolecular Structures.- 3.10 Cross-Linking of Collagen.- 3.11 Interaction of Collagen with Components of the Extracellular Matrix.- 3.11.1 General Remarks.- 3.11.2 Collagen-Proteoglycan Interactions.- 3.11.3 Structural Glycoproteins.- 3.11.3.1 Fibronectin.- 3.11.3.2 Laminin.- 3.11.3.3 Entactin and Nitogen.- 3.11.3.4 Chondrionectin.- 3.11.3.5 Fibromodulin.- 4 Degradation.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 General Pathways of Collagen Degradation.- 4.3 Depolymerization.- 4.4 Tissue Collagenases.- 4.5 Collagenolytic Cathepsins.- 4.6 Gelatinases and Collagen Peptidase.- 4.7 Collagenolytic Enzymes of Microbial Origin.- 5 Turnover and Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Transcriptional and Translational Control of Collagen Synthesis.- 5.3 Regulation of Collagen Synthesis at the Intracellular Posttranslational Level.- 5.4 Intracellular Degradation of Procollagen.- 5.5 Feedback Inhibition of Biosynthesis of Collagen by Aminoterminal Propeptides.- 5.6 Role of the Free Proline Pool in the Regulation of Collagen Synthesis.- 5.7 Turnover of Collagen.- 6 Collagen in Development, Aging, and Phylogeny.- 6.1 Collagen and Development.- 6.2 Collagen and Aging.- 6.3 Phylogenetic Aspects of Collagen.- 6.3.1 Collagen and Animal Phylogeny.- 6.3.2 Plants and Unicellular Organisms.- 6.3.3 Porifera.- 6.3.4 Coelenterata.- 6.3.5 Platyhelmintha.- 6.3.6 Aschelminthes.- 6.3.7 Annelida.- 6.3.8 Arthropoda.- 6.3.9 Mollusca.- 6.3.10 Echinodermata.- 6.3.11 Chordata.- 7 Hormonal Regulation of Collagen Metabolism.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, and Thyrotropic Hormone.- 7.3 Glucocorticoids.- 7.4 Growth Hormone.- 7.5 Insulin and Glucagon.- 7.6 Prolactin.- 7.7 Histamine.- 8 Immunobiology of Collagen.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Antigenicity of Collagen and Procollagen.- 8.3 Immune Response to Collagens and Procollagens.- 8.4 Effect of Cytokines on Collagen Metabolism.- 9 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.- 9.3 The Marfan Syndrome.- 9.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- 9.4.1 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type I.- 9.4.2 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II.- 9.4.3 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type III.- 9.4.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV.- 9.5 Epidermolysis Bullosa.- 9.6 Chondrodysplasias.- 9.7 Congenital Dislocation of the Hip.- 9.8 The Nail-Patella Syndrome.- 9.9 Hereditary Progressive Glomerulopathy (Alport’s Syndrome).- 9.10 Homocystinuria.- 9.11 Alkaptonuria.- 9.12 Aspartylglycosaminuria.- 9.13 Familial Cutaneous Collagenoma.- 9.14 Focal Dermal Hypoplasia.- 9.15 Hyalinosis Cutis et Mucosae.- 9.16 Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva.- 9.17 Hereditary Disorders of Collagen Metabolism in Animals.- 10 Collagen Diseases.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Scleroderma and Related Conditions.- 10.3 Other Collagen Diseases.- 10.4 Drug-Induced Lupus-Like Syndrome.- 11 Musculoskeletal System.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Bone.- 11.2.1 Structure and Function.- 11.2.2 Collagen in Bone.- 11.2.3 Collagen in Pathology of Bone.- 11.2.3.1 Disturbed Regulation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism.- 11.2.3.2 Osteoporosis.- 11.2.3.3 Paget’s Disease.- 11.3 Cartilage.- 11.3.1 Structure and Function.- 11.3.2 Collagens of the Cartilage.- 11.4 Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.1 Structure and Function.- 11.4.2 Collagen in the Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.3 Collagen in Pathology of the Intervertebral Disc.- 11.4.3.1 Age-Related Degeneration.- 11.4.3.2 Chemonucleolysis.- 11.4.3.3 Scoliosis.- 11.5 Tendons and Related Structures.- 11.5.1 Structure and Function.- 11.5.2 Collagen in Tendinous Pathology.- 11.5.2.1 Dupuytren’s Contracture.- 11.5.2.2 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.- 11.6 Joints.- 11.6.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.- 11.7 Skeletal Muscle.- 11.7.1 Role of Collagen in the Structure and Function.- 11.7.2 Collagen in the Pathology.- 11.8 Collagen in Rheumatic Disorders.- 11.8.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis.- 11.8.2 Osteoarthrosis.- 11.8.3 Animal Models of Rheumatic Disorders.- 12 Cardiovascular System.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 The Heart.- 12.2.1 General Structural Features.- 12.2.2 Collagen in the Normal Heart Muscle.- 12.2.3 Collagen in Myocardial Hypertrophy.- 12.2.4 Collagen in Myocardial Infarction.- 12.2.5 Collagen in the Valves in Health and Disease.- 12.3 Vessels.- 12.3.1 General Characteristics.- 12.3.2 Collagen in the Normal Vessel Wall.- 12.3.3 Atherosclerosis.- 12.3.4 Hypertension.- 13 Respiratory System.- 13.1 General Structural Features.- 13.2 Collagen Content in the Lungs.- 13.3 Cells Involved in Collagen Production.- 13.4 Collagen and Lung Disease.- 13.4.1 Introduction.- 13.4.2 Fibrotic Lung Disorders.- 13.4.3 Destructive Lung Disorders.- 14 The Liver.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Collagen Content in the Liver.- 14.3 Collagen Synthesizing Cells.- 14.4 Fibrosis as a Response of the Liver Bioecosystem.- 14.5 Collagen Content in the Fibrotic Liver.- 14.6 Metabolism of Collagen in the Liver.- 14.7 Regulation of Collagen Metabolism and Development of Fibrosis.- 14.8 Collagen in Liver Regeneration.- 14.9 Collagen Metabolism in Diseases of the Bile Ducts.- 14.10 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Hepatic Disorders.- 15 The Teeth and Periodontal Tissues.- 15.1 Structure and Collagen Content in Normal Teeth.- 15.1.1 Dentin.- 15.1.2 Cementum.- 15.1.3 Enamel.- 15.1.4 Dental Pulp.- 15.1.5 Periodontium.- 15.2 The Role of Collagen in Development of Teeth.- 15.3 Collagen and Dental and Periodontal Pathology.- 15.3.1 Periodontal Disease.- 15.3.2 Hydantoin-Induced Gingival Hyperplasia.- 16 The Skin and Wound Healing.- 16.1 Collagen in the Skin.- 16.2 Collagen in Cutaneous Diseases.- 16.3 Collagen in Keloids.- 16.4 Wound Healing.- 17 The Eye and The Ear.- 17.1 The Eye.- 17.1.1 General Structural Features.- 17.1.2 The Cornea and the Sclera.- 17.1.3 The Uvea.- 17.1.4 The Lens.- 17.1.5 The Vitreous Body.- 17.1.6 The Retina.- 17.1.7 Collagen in Ocular Pathology.- 17.2 The Ear.- 18 Urinary and Reproductive Systems.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.2 The Urinary System.- 18.3 The Ovary.- 18.4 The Uterus and Pregnancy.- 18.5 Placenta.- 19 Collagen in the Nervous System.- 20 Collagen in Hematology.- 20.1 Collagen and Hematostasis.- 20.2 Collagen in the Bone Marrow.- 20.3 Collagen in the Lymph Nodes.- 21 Collagen and Neoplasia.- 21.1 Introduction.- 21.2 Collagen in the Stroma of Neoplasms.- 21.3 Collagenolysis and Tumor Invasion.- 22 Effect of Nutrition.- 22.1 Malnutrition and Overnutrition.- 22.2 Scurvy.- 23 Effect of Ionizing Radiation.- 24 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Metabolism.- 24.1 Introduction.- 24.2 Direct Inhibitors of Collagen Synthesis.- 24.2.1 Pharmacological Control of Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine Residues.- 24.2.1.1 Structural Analogues of Proline.- 24.2.1.2 Cosubstrates and Cofactors of Hydroxylation.- 24.2.1.3 Fibrostatins.- 24.2.2 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Secretion.- 24.2.3 Pharmacological Control of the Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen.- 24.2.4 Pharmacological Control of Extracellular Processing of Collagen.- 24.2.4.1 Lathyrism.- 24.2.4.2 Penicillamine.- 24 2 4 3 Inhibitors of Lysyl Oxidase with Respect to Pyridoxal.- 24.2.5 Antifibroblast Serum.- 24.3 Pharmacological Control of Collagen Degradation.- 24.3.1 Induction of Collagenolysis.- 24.3.2 Inhibitors of Collagenase Secretion.- 24.3.3 Inhibitors of Mammalian Collagenases.- 24.4 Drugs That Indirectly Affect Collagen Metabolism.- 24.4.1 Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs.- 24.4.2 Tissue Extracts.- 24.4.3 Heavy Metals.- 24.4.4 Fluoride.- 24.4.5 Cytostatic Drugs.- 24.4.6 Immunomodulants.- 24.4.7 Antibiotics.- 25 Indices of Collagen Metabolism in Clinical Practice.- References.