The Art of Drug Synthesis

ISBN-13: 9780471752158 / Angielski / Twarda / 2007 / 296 str.

Douglas S. Johnson; Jie Jack Li

Opis

The Art of Drug Synthesis illustrates how chemistry, biology, pharmacokinetics, and a host of other disciplines come together to produce successful medicines. The authors have compiled a collection of 21 representative categories of drugs, from which they have selected as examples many of the best-selling drugs on the market today. An introduction to each drug is provided, as well as background to the biology, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and drug metabolism, followed by a detailed account of the drug synthesis.

• Edited by prominent scientists working in drug discovery for Pfizer
• Meets the needs of a growing community of researchers in pharmaceutical R&D
• Provides a useful guide for practicing pharmaceutical scientists as well as a text for medicinal chemistry students
• An excellent follow-up to the very successful first book by these editors, Contemporary Drug Synthesis, but with all new therapeutic categories and drugs discussed.

Recenzje

“This is a most topical and useful short primer on estab1ished drugs and their synthesis.” ( American Journal of Therapeutics, June 2009)

"The book is very felicitous and closes a gap in the literature by covering the subject of drug development in this particular way." (Angewandte Chemie, June 23, 2008)

"This book is a very entertaining read." (ChemMedChem, 2008, 3)

"The editors and contriubting authros have certainly provided a most useful book for the medicinal and organic chemistry community." (Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, March 2008)

"Where I see the book being very useful is as a starting point for student seminars or discussion groups... Also, it is highly illuminating just to dip into for a browse and to marvel at some of the excellent chemistry that goes on in the pharmaceutical industry." (Chemistry World, January 2008)

Spis treści

Foreword xi

Preface xiii

Contributors xv

1 THE ROLE OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY IN DRUG DISCOVERY 1
John A. Lowe, III

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Hurdles in the Drug Discovery Process 2

1.3 The Tools of Medicinal Chemistry 3

1.4 The Role of Synthetic Chemistry in Drug Discovery 6

2 PROCESS RESEARCH: HOW MUCH? HOW SOON? 11
Neal G. Anderson

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Considerations for Successful Scale–up to Tox Batches and Phase I Material 15

2.3 Considerations for Phase 2 Material and Beyond 16

2.4 Summary 26

I CANCER AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

3 AROMATASE INHIBITORS FOR BREAST CANCER: EXEMESTANE (AROMASIN), ANASTROZOLE (ARIMIDEX), AND LETROZOLE (FEMARA) 31
Jie Jack Li

3.1 Introduction 32

3.2 Synthesis of Exemestane 35

3.3 Synthesis of Anastrozole 36

3.4 Synthesis of Letrozole 37

4 QUINOLONE ANTIBIOTICS: LEVOFLOXACIN (LEVAQUIN), MOXIFLOXACIN (AVELOX), GEMIFLOXACIN (FACTIVE), AND GARENOXACIN (T–3811) 39
Chris Limberakis

4.1 Introduction 40

4.2 Levofloxacin 47

4.3 Moxifloxacin 57

4.4 Gemifloxacin 60

4.5 Garenoxacin (T–3811): A Promising Clinical Candidate 64

5 TRIAZOLE ANTIFUNGALS: ITRACONAZOLE (SPORANOX), FLUCONAZOLE (DIFLUCAN), VORICONAZOLE (VFEND), AND FOSFLUCONAZOLE (PRODIF) 71
Andrew S. Bell

5.1 Introduction 72

5.2 Synthesis of Itraconazole 74

5.3 Synthesis of Fluconazole 76

5.4 Synthesis of Voriconazole 77

5.5 Synthesis of Fosfluconazole 80

6 NON–NUCLEOSIDE HIV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS 83
Arthur Harms

6.1 Introduction 84

6.2 Synthesis of Nevirapine 85

6.3 Synthesis of Efavirenz 87

6.4 Synthesis of Delavirdine Mesylate 90

7 NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITORS FOR INFLUENZA: OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU) AND ZANAMIVIR (RELENZA) 95
Douglas S. Johnson and Jie Jack Li

7.1 Introduction 95

7.1.1 Relenza 97

7.1.2 Tamiflu 97

7.2 Synthesis of Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) 99

7.3 Synthesis of Zanamivir (Relenza) 110

II CARDIOVASCULAR AND METABOLIC DISEASES

8 PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR–ACTIVATED RECEPTOR (PPAR) AGONISTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES 117
Jin Li

8.1 Introduction 117

8.2 Synthesis of Rosiglitazone 121

8.3 Synthesis of Pioglitazone 122

8.4 Synthesis of Muraglitazar 124

9 ANGIOTENSIN AT1 ANTAGONISTS FOR HYPERTENSION 129
Larry Yet

9.1 Introduction 130

9.2 Losartan Potassium 132

9.3 Valsartan 134

9.4 Irbesartan 135

9.5 Candesartan Cilexetil 136

9.6 Olmesartan Medoxomil 137

9.7 Eprosartan Mesylate 138

9.8 Telmisartan 139

10 LEADING ACE INHIBITORS FOR HYPERTENSION 143
Victor J. Cee and Edward J. Olhava

10.1 Introduction 144

10.2 Synthesis of Enalapril Maleate 146

10.3 Synthesis of Lisinopril 147

10.4 Synthesis of Quinapril 148

10.5 Synthesis of Benazepril 150

10.6 Synthesis of Ramipril 151

10.7 Synthesis of Fosinopril Sodium 154

11 DIHYDROPYRIDINE CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS FOR HYPERTENSION 159
Daniel P. Christen

11.1 Introduction 160

11.2 Synthesis of Nifedipine (Adalat) 162

11.3 Synthesis of Felodepine (Plendil) 163

11.4 Synthesis of Amlodipine Besylate (Norvasc) 164

11.5 Synthesis of Azelnidipine (Calblock) 165

12 SECOND–GENERATION HMG–CoA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS 169
Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn

12.1 Introduction 170

12.2 Synthesis of Fluvastatin (Lescol) 171

12.3 Synthesis of Rosuvastatin (Crestor) 174

12.4 Synthesis of Pitavastatin (Livalo) 177

13 CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION INHIBITORS: EZETIMIBE (ZETIA) 183
Stuart B. Rosenblum

13.1 Introduction 183

13.2 Discovery Path to Ezetimibe 184

13.3 Synthesis of Ezetimibe (Zetia) 187

III CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES

14 DUAL SELECTIVE SEROTONIN AND NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSNRIs) FOR DEPRESSION 199
Marta Pineiro–Nunez

14.1 Introduction 200

14.2 Synthesis of Venlafaxine 203

14.3 Synthesis of Milnacipran 205

14.4 Synthesis of Duloxetine 207

15 GABAA RECEPTOR AGONISTS FOR INSOMNIA: ZOLPIDEM (AMBIEN), ZALEPLON (SONATA), ESZOPICLONE (ESTORRA, LUNESTA), AND INDIPLON 215
Peter R. Guzzo

15.1 Introduction 216

15.2 Synthesis of Zolpidem 217

15.3 Synthesis of Zaleplon 219

15.4 Synthesis of Eszopiclone 220

15.5 Synthesis of Indiplon 221

16 Alpha2Delta LIGANDS: NEURONTIN (GABAPENTIN) AND LYRICA (PREGABALIN) 225
Po–Wai Yuen

16.1 Introduction 225

16.2 Synthesis of Gabapentin 227

16.3 Synthesis of Pregabalin 234

17 APPROVED TREATMENTS FOR ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: AMPHETAMINE (ADDERALL), METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN), AND ATOMOXETINE (STRATERRA) 241
David L. Gray

17.1 Introduction 242

17.2 Synthesis of Amphetamine 244

17.3 Synthesis of Methylphenidate 247

17.4 Synthesis of Atomoxetine 253

References 257

Index 261

O autorze

Douglas S. Johnson, PHD, is a Research Chemist at Pfizer Global Research and Development.

Jie Jack Li, PHD, is a Research Chemist at Pfizer Global Research and Development.

Blurb

DISCOVER  THE INS ANDOUTS OF DRUG SYNTHESIS, FROM IDENTIFYING A LEAD MOLECULE TO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION.

Learn how chemistry, biology, pharmacokinetics, and a host of other disciplines all play a role in the successful discovery of new drugs and therapeutics. This text features contributions from seventeen leading medicinal and process chemists who show you how it is done. Some of the contributors were instrumental in the discovery of the drugs they review, offering you a unique and invaluable perspective on the complete drug discovery process.

The first two chapters of this text introduce the stringent requirements for a potential therapeutic molecule, approaches in finding molecular structures that ′hit" a biological target, and the many steps needed to go from initial small–scale laboratory synthesis to commercial and the many steps needed to go from initial small–scale laboratory synthesis to commercial production. The remaining fifteen chapters are divided into three major therapeutic areas:

• Cancer and infectious Diseases
• Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
• Central Nervous System Diseases

These three section collectively cover twenty–one categories of drugs and more than sixty individual drugs, highlighting both medicinal and process synthetic routes. The authors present detailed accounts of the synthesis of such high–profile drugs as Actos®, Levaquin®, Avelox®, Diflucan®, Tamiflu®, Zetia®, Lyrica®, and Strattera®. You gain new insight into how a first generational agent is refined and improved by the application of medicinal chemistry for the discovery of second and third generation medicines.

This text is an excellent companion to the bestselling Contemporary Drug Synthesis, covering all new drugs. In addition to serving as a reference for medicinal chemists and pharmacologists, this book is highly recommended as a graduate–level text for medicinal pharmacologists, this book is highly recommended as a graduate–level text for medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry courses. With its many examples and insights into successful and pharmaceutical chemistry courses. With its many examples and insights into successful syntheses, it enables students to make the bridge from theory to practice.