Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons

ISBN-13: 9781493909346 / Angielski / Twarda / 2014 / 496 str.

Ernst Bauer

Opis

This book, written by a pioneer in surface physics and thin film research and the inventor of Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM), Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) and Spectroscopic Photo Emission and Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPELEEM), covers these and other techniques for the imaging of surfaces with low energy (slow) electrons. These techniques also include Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM), X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM), and their combination with microdiffraction and microspectroscopy, all of which use cathode lenses and slow electrons. Of particular interest are the fundamentals and applications of LEEM, PEEM, and XPEEM because of their widespread use. Numerous illustrations illuminate the fundamental aspects of the electron optics, the experimental setup, and particularly the application results with these instruments. Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons will give the reader a unified picture of the imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy methods that are possible using low energy electron microscopes.

Recenzje

"The book is certain to become the bible of LEEM, PEEM, and related instruments. ... this is essentially a book for experimentalists, packed with data, excellent figures (ray diagrams, plots of important experimental results), and photographs of instruments. The book is unusually clearly and concisely written, and well referenced ... and truly represents the summation of a lifetime's work devoted to this field by its originator." (John C. H. Spence, Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 21 (3), 2015)

Spis treści

Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
1.1. The early years
1.2. The postwar revival
References

Chapter 2. Basic Interactions
Abstract
2.1 Fundamental theories of electron emission
2.2  Photoemission
2.2.1  General considerations
2.2.2  The free electron gas approximation
2.2.3  Band structure UV photoemission
2.2.4  Spin effects in UV photoemission
2.2.5  Surface plasmon photoemission
2.2.6  X-ray photoemission
2.2.6.1  Photoelectron emission
2.2.6.2  Secondary electron emission
2.3  Electron reflection
2.3.1  General considerations
2.3.2  Elastic scattering
2.3.3  Inelastic scattering
2.3.4  Surface effects
2.3.5  VLEED, LEETS, TCS
2.3.6  Quantum well effects
2.3.7  Other aspects
References

Chapter 3. Instrumentation
Abstract
3.1  Instruments: from simple to complex3.1.1  PEEM
3.1.2  LEEM
3.1.3  Aberration-corrected instruments
3.1.4  Spectroscopic imaging instruments
3.1.5  Spin-resolved imaging instruments
3.2  Components
3.2.1  Objective lens and other axial-symmetric lenses
3.2.2  Magnetic deflectors
3.2.3  Electron mirrors
3.2.4  Aberration correctors
3.2.5  Energy filters
3.2.6  Wien filters
3.2.7  Photon sources
3.2.8  Electron sources
3.2.9  Other components (image detectors vacuum system including airlock and specimen preparation chamber, electronics)
References

Chapter 4. Theory of image formation
Abstract
4.1 Introduct

ion
4.2  Wave propagation: The contrast transfer function
4.2.1  Low energy electron microscopy. The wave amplitude|
4.2.2  The image intensity
4.2.3  Mirror electron microscopy
4.2.4  Emission electron microscopy
4.3  Through-focus series image improvement
4.4  Information transfer in the image acquisition system
4.5  Summary and outlook
References

Chapter 5. Applications in surface science
Abstract
5.1  Surface microstructure
5.1.1 Metals
5.1.2  Semiconductors
5.1.2.1  Si(111)
5.1.2.2  Si(100)
5.1.2.3  Other Si surfaces
5.1.3  Other inorganic semiconductor surfaces
5.1.4  Other inorganic compound surfaces
5.2  Adsorption
5.2.1  Adsorption on metals
5.2.1.1  Nonmetallic adsorbates
5.2.1.2  Coadsorption and reaction: catalysis
5.2.1.3  Metallic adsorbates
5.2.2  Adsorption on Semiconductors
5.2.2.1  Metallic adsorbates
5.2.2.2  Nonmetallic adsorbates
5.3  Film growth and structure
5.3.1  Films on semiconductors
5.3.1.1  Metal films
5.3.1.2  Ge on Si
5.3.1.3  Other films on semiconductors
5.3.1.4  Nanostructures and droplets on semiconductors5.3.2  Films on metals
5.3.2.1  Metal films
5.3.2.2  Inorganic compound films
5.3.3  Organic films
References

Chapter 6. Applications in other fields
Abstract
6.1 Graphene
6.1.1  Introduction
6.1.2  Graphene on SiC
6.1.2.1  Growth and microstructure
6.1.2.2  Intercalation
6.1.3  Graphene on metals

6.1.3.1  Introduction
6.1.3.2  Growth and microstructure
6.1.3.3  Intercalation
6.2  Plasmons
6.2.1  Introduction
6.2.2  Linear structures
6.2.3  Nanostructures
6.2.4  Complex wave fields
6.2.5  Limitations
6.3  Technological applications
6.3.1  General materials applications
6.3.2  Electronics
6.4  Biology
6.5  A multimethod case study
References

Chapter 7. Magnetic imaging
Abstract7.1  Introduction
7.2  Ferromagnetic films
7.2.1  Single layers
7.2.2  Quantum well effects
7.2.3  Bilayers
7.2.4  Trilayers
7.2.5  Multilayers
7.2.6  Compound layers
7.3  Bulk magnetic materials
7.3.1  Ferromagnetic materials
7.3.2  Antiferromagnetic materials
7.4 Ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic interfaces
7.5 Nanostructures
7.5.1  Introduction
7.5.2  Static domain structure
7.5.3  Field and current influence
7.5.4  Nanodots and nanostructure arrays
7.6. Ferroelectrics / Multiferroics
7.6.1  Ferroelectries
7.6.2  Multiferroics

Chapter 8. Other surface imaging methods with electrons
Abstract
8.1 Scanning Low Energy Electron Microscopy
8.2  Scanning Low Energy Electron Diffraction Microscopy
8.3  Reflection Electron Microscopy
8.4  Secondary and Auger Electron Microscopy
8.5  Scanning Electron Microscopy with Spin Analysis
8.6  Scanning Photoelectron Emission Microscopy
8.7 Concluding remarks

O autorze

Professor Ernst Bauer is a distinguished German-American physicist and surface scientist who has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of epitaxial growth and to the development of microscopy techniques. He is one of the founders of surface physics and the physics of thin films.

In 1958 he derived the classification of the thin film growth mechanisms that provides the theoretical framework of epitaxy which is used worldwide to this day. In 1962 he invented LEEM (Low Energy Electron Microscopy), which came to fruition in 1985. In the late eighties/early nineties he extended the LEEM technique in two important directions by developing Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) and Spectroscopic Photo Emission and Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPELEEM). The combination of these methods now allows a comprehensive (structural, chemical, magnetic and electronic) characterization of surfaces and thin films on the 10 nm scale.

Ernst Bauer’s interest in the development of synchrotron radiation microscopy techniques and his involvement with the Synchrotron source Elettra in Trieste, Italy resulted in the development of the Nanospectroscopy beamline, which is today one of the leading synchrotron radiation microscopy facilities worldwide.

His work directly or indirectly impacts many areas of modern materials science: surfaces, thin films, electronic materials and instrumentation. The invention and development of surface microscopy with slo

w electrons has revolutionized the study of surface science and thin film science.

Ernst Bauer has authored or co-authored more than 450 publications (among them 85 review papers and book chapters) and one book ("Electron Diffraction: Theory, Practice and Applications", 1958, in German). His papers are widely cited.

Numerous LEEM instruments are now installed and are operating in many laboratories and synchrotron radiation facilities around the world (USA, Europe, Asia and Australia). An important recognition for Ernst Bauer’s efforts in the field of surface microscopy is the increasing number of the scientists involved in LEEM research, which is reflected in the organization of bi-annual LEEM/PEEM workshops, the first of which was organized by Ernst Bauer and Anastassia Pavlovska in Arizona in 1998.

Broad international collaboration is typical of Ernst Bauer’s research. He had longstanding scientific cooperations with NASA, University of Pretoria (South Africa), Synchrotron Radiation Source in Trieste (Italy), Poland, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Czech Republic. About 80 visiting scientists had a possibility to perform high quality research in his group in Germany. Presently he has collaborations with Japan, Poland, Italy, Germany and Hong Kong.

The scientific achievements of Ernst Bauer have been multiply honored. He was the recipient of the E.W. Muller Award in 1985, the Gaede Prize of the German Vacuum Society in 1988, the Medard W. Welch Award of the Ame

rican Vacuum Society in 1992, the Niedersachsenpreis for Science (Germany) in 1994, the BESSY Innovation Award on Synchrotron Radiation in 2004 and the very prestigious Davisson-Germer Prize of the American Physical Society in 2005. In 2003 Ernst Bauer received the first Award of the Japan Society of Promotion of Science's 141st Committee on Microbeam Analysis and was made an honorary member of this organization. He was elected a Member of the Goettingen Academy of Sciences in 1989, Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1991 and Fellow of the American Vacuum Society in 1994. In 2008 he was honored with a Humboldt Research Prize and Doctor Honoris Causa at the Marie Sklodovska-Curie University, Lublin, Poland. In 2012 he was appointed Fellow of Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste and in 2014 he received the Doctor Honoris Causa title from the University of Wrocław, Poland.

More information can be found:

• on Ernst Bauer’s website at Arizona State University
• on Wikipedia: Ernst. G. Bauer 

Blurb

This book, written by a pioneer in surface physics and thin film research and the inventor of Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM), Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) and Spectroscopic Photo Emission and Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPELEEM), covers these and other techniques for the imaging of surfaces with low energy (slow) electrons. These techniques also include Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM), X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM), and their combination with microdiffraction and microspectroscopy, all of which use cathode lenses and slow electrons. Of particular interest are the fundamentals and applications of LEEM, PEEM, and XPEEM because of their widespread use. Numerous illustrations illuminate the fundamental aspects of the electron optics, the experimental setup, and particularly the application results with these instruments. Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons will give the reader a unified picture of the imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy methods that are possible using low energy electron microscopes.

• Provides a unified description of full-field, low energy electron microscopies
• Presents the basic theory and experiment of low energy emission and reflection
• Compares the possibilities and limitations of the various imaging methods
• Describes multi-method studies
• Contains an extensive list of references for easy access to the original literature

/ul>