Stimulants

ISBN-13: 9781475705126 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 476 str.

Leslie Iversen

Opis

Underlying the design of the Handbook of Psychopharmacology is a prejudice that the study of drug influences on the mind has advanced to a stage where basic research and clinical application truly mesh. These later volumes of the Handbook are structured according to this conception. In certain volumes, groups of drugs are treated as classes with chapters ranging from basic chemistry to clinical application. Other volumes are assembled around topic areas such as anxiety or affective disorders. Thus, besides chapters on individual drug classes, we have included essays addressing broad areas such as "The Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System and Human Be- havior" and "Peptides and the Central Nervous System. " Surveying these diverse contributions, one comes away with a sentiment that, far from being an "applied" science borrowing from fundamental brain chemistry and physiology, psychopharmacology has instead provided basic researchers with the tools and conceptual approaches which now are advancing neurobiology to a central role in modern biology. Especially gratifying is the sense that, while contributing to an understanding of how the brain functions, psychopharmacology is a discipline whose fruits offer genuine help to the mentally ill with promises of escalating benefits in the future. L. L. 1. S. D. I. S. H. S. VII CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Amphetamines: Structure-Activity Relationships J. H. BIEL and B. A. Bopp 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2: Effects of Biogenic Amines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. 1. Norepinephrine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. 2. Dopamine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2. 3. Serotonin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. Central Stimulatory Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3. 1. Phenethylamine Derivatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spis treści

1 Amphetamines: Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Biogenic Amines.- 2.1. Norepinephrine.- 2.2. Dopamine.- 2.3. Serotonin.- 3. Central Stimulatory Effects.- 3.1. Phenethylamine Derivatives.- 3.2. Structurally Modified Phenethylamine Derivatives.- 3.3. Pemoline.- 4. Anorexic Effects.- 5. Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase.- 6. Psychotomimetic Effects.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 2 Amphetamines: Biochemical and Behavioral Actions in Animals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemistry.- 3. General Pharmacological Actions.- 4. Behavioral Effects in Animals Pretreated with Drugs That Modify Catecholaminergic Neurotransmission Processes.- 4.1. Drugs Which Enhance Catecholaminergic Transmission.- 4.2. Drugs Which Disrupt Catecholaminergic Transmission.- 5. Behavioral Effects in Animals Pretreated with Drugs That Modify Noncatecholaminergic Transmission Processes.- 5.1. 5-Hydroxytryptaminergic Transmission.- 5.2. Acetylcholinergic Transmission.- 6. Interactions of Psychomotor Stimulants with Neurotransmitters in Brain.- 6.1. Catecholamines.- 6.2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine.- 6.3. Acetylcholine.- 7. Comparisons of Biochemical and Behavioral Effects of d- and l-Amphetamine.- 8. Effects of Chronic Administration of Psychomotor Stimulants.- 9. Summary and Speculations.- 10. References.- 3 Central Nervous System Stimulants: Historical Aspects and Clinical Effects.- 1. Introduction—Early Use of Plant Preparations.- 2. Cocaine.- 3. Amphetamine and Methamphetamine.- 4. Phenmetrazine.- 5. Methylphenidate.- 6. Diethylpropion.- 7. Ephedrine.- 8. Clinical Aspects of CNS Stimulant Use.- 8.1. General Considerations.- 8.2. Low-Dose Nonmedical Stimulant Use.- 8.3. High-Dose Nonmedical Stimulant Use.- 8.4. Withdrawal Effects.- 9. Medical Uses of Stimulants.- 9.1. Narcolepsy.- 9.2. Hyperkinetic Behavior Disorders in Children.- 9.3. Obesity.- 9.4. Parkinson’s Disease.- 9.5. Depression.- 10. Problems Raised by Stimulants.- 10.1. Problems with Respect to Society and Legislative Control.- 10.2. Problems in Research.- 11. References.- 4 Drug Treatment in Child Psychiatry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Childhood Psychosis.- 2.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 2.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 2.3. Drug Treatment.- 2.4. General Considerations Using Major Tranquilizers for Psychotic Children.- 3. Behavior Disorders of the Mentally Retarded.- 3.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 3.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 3.3. Drug Treatment.- 3.4. Clinical Considerations.- 4. Hyperactivity.- 4.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 4.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 4.3. Drug Treatments.- 5. Enuresis.- 5.1. Occurrence and Outcome.- 5.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 5.3. Drug Therapies.- 5.4. Clinical Considerations Using Tricyclics for Enuresis.- 5.5. Possible Mechanism of Action of Tricyclics in Enuresis.- 6. Tics and Gilles de la Tourette’s Syndrome.- 6.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 6.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 6.3. Drug Treatment.- 7. Anorexia Nervosa.- 7.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 7.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 7.3. Drug Treatment.- 8. Nightmares and Related Sleep Disorders.- 8.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 8.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 8.3. Drug Treatment.- 8.4. Clinical Considerations For Drug Treatment.- 9. School Phobia.- 9.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 9.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 9.3. Drug Treatment.- 9.4. Combining Nondrug and Drug Treatment.- 10. Stuttering.- 10.1. Occurrence and Outcome.- 10.2. Nondrug Treatment.- 10.3. Drug Treatment.- 10.4. Dose Side Effects and Duration of Haloperidol Treatment.- 10.5. Treatment Considerations.- 11. Learning Disorders.- 11.1. Characteristics, Occurrence, and Outcome.- 11.2. Nondrug Treatments.- 11.3. Chemical Treatment of the Learning-Impaired.- 11.4. Drug Treatments.- 11.5. Theoretical Issues.- 12. Seizure Disorders.- 12.1. Effect of Psychotropic Drugs on the Seizure Threshold.- 12.2. Psychological Effects of Anticonvulsants on Epileptic Children.- 13. References.- 5 Plants and Plant Constituents as Mind-Altering Agents Throughout History.- 6 Psychotomimetic Drugs: Structure-Activity Relationships.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Definition of Psychotomimetic.- 1.2. Qualitative Differences.- 1.3. Quantitative Differences.- 1.4. Sources of Information.- 1.5. Classes to Be Considered.- 2. The Phenethylamines.- 2.1. Variations of Ring Substitution.- 2.2. Nitrogen-Substituted Phenethylamines.- 3. The Phenylisopropylamines.- 3.1. Methoxylated Phenylisopropylamines.- 3.2. Methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamines.- 3.3. Alkoxyphenylisopropylamines.- 3.4. Alkylphenylisopropylamines.- 3.5. Halo-or Sulfur-Substituted Phenylisopropylamines.- 4. References.- 7 Drug Metabolism: Review of Principles and the Fate of One-Ring Psychotomimetics.- 1. Principles of Drug Metabolism.- 1.1. Aromatic Hydroxylation.- 1.2. Aliphatic Epoxidations.- 1.3. Allylic and Related Oxidations.- 1.4. Oxidations of Carbon Attached to Heteroatoms.- 1.5. Oxidations and Reductions of Nitrogen-Containing Moieties.- 2. Metabolism of One-Ring Psychotomimetics.- 2.1. Amphetamine (Benzeneethaneamine, ?-Methyl).- 2.2. Metabolism of Mescaline (Benzeneethaneamine, 3,4,5-Trimethoxy).- 2.3. The Metabolism of Ring-Substituted 1-Phenyl-2-aminopropane Psychotomimetics.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- 8 Psychotomimetic Drugs in Man.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Chemical Basis for Classification.- 3. Clinical Effects of Psychotomimetic Drugs.- 3.1. LSD Reaction.- 3.2. LSD Homologs.- 3.3. Mescaline.- 3.4. Psilocybin.- 3.5. Piperidyl Benzilate Esters.- 3.6. Phencyclidine.- 3.7. Miscellaneous Drugs.- 4. Psychological Effects in Experimental Studies.- 4.1. Intellectual Functions.- 4.2. Perceptual Functions.- 4.3. Psychomotor Functions.- 4.4 Projective Tests.- 4.5. Other Psychological Effects.- 5. Electroencephalographic and Neurophysiological Studies.- 6. Physiological Effects.- 7. Kinetics of LSD in Man.- 8. Adverse Reactions—Psychiatric.- 9. Adverse Effects—Physical.- 9.1. Chromosomes, Dysmorphogenesis, and Carcinogenesis.- 9.2. Miscellaneous Other Types.- 10. Therapeutic Uses.- 10.1. Psychoneuroses.- 10.2. Schizophrenic Reactions.- 10.3. Depressions.- 10.4. Alcoholism.- 11. Psychotomimetics and Model Psychoses.- 12. Conditions for Endogenous Psychotogens.- 13. Concept of Endogenous Psychotogens.- 14. Model Psychosis.- 15. Patterns of Social Use.- 16. References.- 9 Nicotine and Smoking.- 1. The Initiation of the Smoking Habit.- 2. Why Do People Keep Smoking?.- 2.1. Do People Smoke for Nicotine?.- 2.2. Effects of Nicotine on Physiological and Psychological Functions.- 2.3. Is Nicotine Addicting?.- 3. Cessation of Cigarette Smoking: Why Do People Stop Smoking and How Do They Do It?.- 4. References.