Solar Fuels

ISBN-13: 9781119750574 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023

Nurdan Demirci Sankir; Mehmet Sankir

Spis treści

Preface xiiiPart I: Solar Thermochemical and Concentrated Solar Approaches 11 Materials Design Directions for Solar Thermochemical Water Splitting 3Robert B. Wexler, Ellen B. Stechel and Emily A. Carter1.1 Introduction 41.1.1 Hydrogen via Solar Thermolysis 71.1.2 Hydrogen via Solar Thermochemical Cycles 81.1.3 Thermodynamics 131.1.4 Economics 161.2 Theoretical Methods 171.2.1 Oxygen Vacancy Formation Energy 181.2.2 Standard Entropy of Oxygen Vacancy Formation 221.2.3 Stability 241.2.4 Structure 251.2.5 Kinetics 261.3 The State-of-the-Art Redox-Active Metal Oxide 261.4 Next-Generation Perovskite Redox-Active Materials 301.5 Materials Design Directions 331.5.1 Enthalpy Engineering 331.5.2 Entropy Engineering 371.5.3 Stability Engineering 411.6 Conclusions 42Acknowledgments 42Appendices 43Appendix A. Equilibrium Composition for Solar Thermolysis 43Appendix B. Equilibrium Composition of Ceria 44References 462 Solar Metal Fuels for Future Transportation 65Youssef Berro and Marianne Balat-Pichelin2.1 Introduction 662.1.1 Sustainable Strategies to Address Climate Change 662.1.2 Circular Economy 662.1.3 Sustainable Solar Recycling of Metal Fuels 682.2 Direct Combustion of Solar Metal Fuels 692.2.1 Stabilized Metal-Fuel Flame 702.2.2 Combustion Engineering 712.2.3 Designing Metal-Fueled Engines 722.3 Regeneration of Metal Fuels Through the Solar Reduction of Oxides 752.3.1 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Oxides Reduction 752.3.2 Effect of Some Parameters on the Reduction Yield 772.3.2.1 Carbon-Reducing Agent 772.3.2.2 Catalysts and Additives 782.3.2.3 Mechanical Milling 782.3.2.4 CO Partial Pressure 792.3.2.5 Carrier Gas 792.3.2.6 Fast Preheating 792.3.2.7 Progressive Heating 802.3.3 Reverse Reoxidation of the Produced Metal Powders 802.3.4 Reduction of Oxides Using Concentrated Solar Power 812.3.5 Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Magnesia 832.3.6 Solar Carbothermal Reduction of Alumina 862.4 Conclusions 89Acknowledgments 90References 903 Design Optimization of a Solar Fuel Production Plant by Water Splitting With a Copper-Chlorine Cycle 97Samane Ghandehariun, Shayan Sadeghi and Greg F. NatererNomenclature 983.1 Introduction 1003.2 System Description 1083.3 Mathematical Modeling and Optimization 1133.3.1 Energy and Exergy Analyses 1133.3.2 Economic Analysis 1163.3.3 Multiobjective Optimization (MOO) Algorithm 1203.4 Results and Discussion 1213.5 Conclusions 130References 1314 Diversifying Solar Fuels: A Comparative Study on Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production Versus Solar Thermochemical Energy Storage Using Co3O4 137Atalay Calisan and Deniz Uner4.1 Introduction 1374.2 Materials and Methods 1414.3 Thermodynamics of Direct Decomposition of Water 1424.4 A Critical Analysis of Two-Step Thermochemical Water Splitting Cycles Through the Red/Ox Properties of Co3O41434.4.1 Red/Ox Characteristics of Co3O4 Measured by Temperature-Programmed Analysis 1454.4.2 The Role of Pt as a Reduction Promoter of Co3O4 1474.4.3 A Critical Analysis of the Solar Thermochemical Cycles of Water Splitting 1494.5 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Using Co3O4 1514.5.1 Mass and Heat Transfer Effects During Red/Ox Processes 1524.5.2 Cyclic Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Co3O4 1524.6 Conclusions 157Acknowledgements 157References 157Part II: Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar Biofuel Production 1615 Shedding Light on the Production of Biohydrogen from Algae 163Thummala Chandrasekhar and Vankara Anuprasanna5.1 Introduction 1645.2 Hydrogen or Biohydrogen as Source of Energy 1655.3 Hydrogen Production From Various Resources 1675.4 Mechanism of Biological Hydrogen Production from Algae 1685.5 Production of Hydrogen from Different Algal Species 1715.5.1 Generation of Hydrogen in Scenedesmus obliquus 1715.5.2 Production of Hydrogen in Chlorella vulgaris 1745.5.3 Generation of Hydrogen in Model Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 1755.6 Concluding Remarks 177Acknowledgments 177References 1776 Photoelectrocatalysis Enables Greener Routes to Valuable Chemicals and Solar Fuels 185Dipesh Shrestha, Kamal Dhakal, Tamlal Pokhrel, Achyut Adhikari, Tomas Hardwick, Bahareh Shirinfar and Nisar Ahmed6.1 Introduction 1866.2 C.H Functionalization in Complex Organic Synthesis 1896.3 Examples of Photoelectrochemical-Induced C.H Activation 1906.4 C.C Functionalization 1926.5 Electrochemically Mediated Photoredox Catalysis (e-PRC) 1946.6 Interfacial Photoelectrochemistry (iPEC) 1976.7 Reagent-Free Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling 1996.8 Conclusion 199References 200Part III: Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Fuels 2057 Graphene-Based Catalysts for Solar Fuels 207Zhou Zhang, Maocong Hu and Zhenhua Yao7.1 Introduction 2087.2 Preparation of Graphene and Its Composites 2097.2.1 Preparation of Graphene (Oxide) 2097.2.2 Preparation of Graphene-Based Photocatalysts 2107.2.2.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 2117.2.2.2 Sol-Gel Method 2127.2.2.3 In Situ Growth Method 2127.3 Graphene-Based Catalyst Characterization Techniques 2147.3.1 SEM, TEM, and HRTEM 2147.3.2 X-Ray Techniques: XPS, XRD, XANES, XAFS, and EXAFS 2157.3.3 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 2177.3.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 2187.3.5 Other Technologies 2197.4 Graphene-Based Catalyst Performance 2207.4.1 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 2237.4.2 Hydrogen Production by Water Splitting 2297.5 Conclusion and Future Opportunities 235Acknowledgments 237References 2378 Advances in Design and Scale-Up of Solar Fuel Systems 247Ashween Virdee and John Andresen8.1 Introduction 2488.2 Strategies for Solar Photoreactor Design 2488.2.1 Photocatalytic Systems 2498.2.1.1 Slurry Photoreactor 2528.2.1.2 Fixed Bed Photoreactor 2548.2.1.3 Twin Photoreactor (Membrane Photoreactor) 2568.2.1.4 Microreactor 2598.2.2 Electrochemical System 2608.2.2.1 Co2 Electrochemical Reactors 2638.2.3 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Systems 2678.3 Design Considerations for Scale-Up 2728.4 Future Systems and Large Reactors 2748.5 Conclusions 276References 277Part IV: Solar-Driven Water Splitting 2859 Photocatalyst Perovskite Ferroelectric Nanostructures 287Debashish Pal, Dipanjan Maity, Ayan Sarkar and Gobinda Gopal Khan9.1 Introduction 2889.2 Ferroelectric Properties and Materials 2899.3 Fundamental of Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis 2909.3.1 Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen Fuel 2909.3.2 Photoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen Production 2919.3.3 Photocatalytic Dye/Pollutant Degradation 2929.4 Principle of Piezo/Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysis 2929.5 Ferroelectric Nanostructures for Photo(electro)catalysis 2949.6 Synthesis and Design of Nanostructured Ferroelectric Photo(electro)catalysts 2959.6.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods 2959.6.2 Sol-Gel Methods 3009.6.3 Wet Chemical and Solution Methods 3039.6.4 Vapor Phase Deposition Methods 3059.6.5 Electrospinning Methods 3069.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of Ferroelectric Nanostructures 3079.7.1 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of BiFeO3 Nanostructures and Thin Films 3079.7.2 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of LaFeO3 Nanostructures 3119.7.3 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of BaTiO3 Nanostructures 3149.7.4 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of SrTiO3 Nanostructures 3179.7.5 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of YFeO3 Nanostructures 3199.7.6 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of KNbO3 Nanostructures 3199.7.7 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of NaNbO3 Nanostructures 3229.7.8 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of LiNbO3 Nanostructures 3239.7.9 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of PbTiO3 Nanostructures 3239.7.10 Photo(electro)catalytic Activities of ZnSnO3 Nanostructures 3259.8 Conclusion and Perspective 327References 32910 Solar-Driven H2 Production in PVE Systems 341Zaki N. Zahran, Yuta Tsubonouchi and Masayuki Yagi10.1 Introduction 34210.2 Approaches for H2 Production via Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34310.3 Principle of Designing of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 34810.4 Development of PVE Systems for Solar-Driven Water Splitting 35210.4.1 PVE Systems Based on Si PV Cells 35310.4.2 PVE Systems Based on Group III-V Compound PV Cells 35410.4.3 PVE Systems Based on Chalcogenide PV Cells 35610.4.4 PVE Systems Based on Perovskite PV Cells 35810.4.5 PVE Systems Based on Organic Heterojunction PV Cells 35910.5 Conclusions and Future Perspective 361References 36111 Impactful Role of Earth-Abundant Cocatalysts in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 375Yubin Chen, Xu Guo, Zhichao Ge, Ya Liu and Maochang Liu11.1 Introduction 37611.2 Categories of Cocatalysts Utilized in Photocatalytic Water Splitting 37811.2.1 Metal and Non-Metal Cocatalysts 37911.2.2 Metal Oxides and Hydroxides 38011.2.3 Metal Sulfides 38111.2.4 Metal Phosphides and Carbides 38211.2.5 Molecular Cocatalysts 38311.3 Factors Determining the Cocatalyst Activity 38411.3.1 Intrinsic Properties of Cocatalysts 38411.3.2 Interfacial Coupling of Cocatalysts With Host Semiconductors 38811.4 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Cocatalytic Process 39311.5 Conclusion 395Acknowledgments 396References 396Index 411

O autorze

Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology (TOBB ETU), Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. She established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories at TOBB ETU, and her research interests include photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors. This is her sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.Mehmet Sankir, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey, and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. He received his PhD degree in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, the USA, in 2005. Dr. Sankir's research interests include membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination. This is his sixth co-edited book with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint.