Smart Grids and Microgrids: Technology Evolution

ISBN-13: 9781119760559 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 400 str.

P. V. Brijesh

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Preface xv1 A Comprehensive Analysis of Numerical Techniques for Estimation of Solar PV Parameters Under Dynamic Environmental Condition 1Balasubramonian M, Rajeswari Ramachandran, Veerapandiyan Veerasamy, Albert Paul Arunkumar C P and Noor Izzri Abdul WahabNomenclature 21.1 Introduction 31.2 Mathematical Model of Solar PV 51.2.1 Calculation of Vt, Rse and Rsh 81.2.2 Effect of Irradiance and Temperature 91.2.3 Estimation of Maximum Power Point 101.3 Numerical Techniques for Parameter Estimation 111.3.1 Gauss-Seidel Technique 121.3.2 Newton-Raphson (NR) Method 121.4 Results and Discussion 131.4.1 Simulation Results 161.4.2 Experimental Results 191.4.3 Comparative Analysis 191.5 Conclusion 24References 242 Energy Storage System in Microgrid 27Md Waseem Ahmad and Ravi Raushan2.1 Introduction 272.2 Need of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 282.3 Available ESS (Energy Storage Systems) Technologies 302.3.1 Type of ESS (Energy Storage Systems) 312.3.2 Comparison of Storage Technologies 362.4 Power Electronics Converter in Microgrid 362.4.1 DC-DC Converter 362.4.2 DC-AC Inverter AC-DC Rectifier 382.4.3 AC-AC Converter 382.5 Control of Interfaced Converters 382.5.1 DC-DC Bidirectional Converter Interfacing DC-Microgrid 382.5.1.1 Modeling and Control of the Converter 412.5.1.2 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 442.5.2 DC-AC VSI Interfacing AC-Microgrid 452.5.2.1 Modelling and Control of the VSI 502.5.2.3 Typical Case Study in MATLAB-Simulink 532.6 Conclusion 57References 573 Economic Feasibility Studies of Simple and Discounted Payback Periods for 1 MWp Ground Mounted Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 59Mohan Krishna S, Sheila Mahapatra, Febin Daya J L, Thinagaran Perumal, Saurav Raj and Prajof Prabhakaran3.1 Introduction 603.1.1 Background and Motivation 603.1.2 Literature Review 623.1.3 Organization of the Paper 633.2 Application of the Technique 643.2.1 Economic Evaluation 643.2.2 Solar PV Plant at Tirupati Airport 653.2.3 Solar PV Plant - Technical Specifications and Inventories 663.3 Result Analysis 673.3.1 Contribution of Solar Energy 673.3.2 Reduction in CO2 Emissions 683.3.3 Energy Savings with LEDs 683.3.4 Panel Efficiency Variation with Temperature 693.3.5 Estimation of Simple Payback Period (SPP) 693.3.6 Estimation of DPP 703.4 Conclusion 71References 714 Impact of Reliability Indices for Planning Charging Station Load in a Distribution Network 75Archana A N and Rajeev T.4.1 Introduction 764.2 Background 784.3 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Network 794.4 Methodology for Allocating Charging Loads in the Test System 814.4.1 Mathematical Evaluation of the System Under Study 824.4.2 Formulation of Test Case Scenarios 844.5 Results and Discussions 874.5.1 Reliability Indices for Slow EV Chargers 874.5.2 Reliability Indices for Fast EV Chargers 884.5.3 Comparative Results of Slow and Fast EV Chargers in Evaluating Reliability Indices 894.5.4 Measures to Improve Reliability Indices in the Distribution Network 914.6 Conclusion 91Nomenclature 92Appendix 92References 975 Investigation on Microgrid Control and Stability 99Jithin S and Rajeev T.5.1 Introduction 995.2 Microgrid Control 1005.3 Microgrid Control Hierarchy 1015.3.1 Primary Control 1035.3.2 Secondary Control 1065.3.3 Tertiary Control 1075.3.4 Intelligent Control Methods 1085.4 Control Techniques 1085.4.1 Communication Based Control/Centralized Control 1085.4.2 Conventional Droop Control 1105.4.3 Improved Droop Control Methods 1115.4.4 Summary of Control Techniques 1175.5 Stability of Microgrids 1185.5.1 Stability Classification 1195.5.2 Power Balance Stability 1205.5.3 Control System Stability 1205.6 Stability Analysis Techniques 1215.7 Conclusions 122References 1236 Frequency Control in Microgrids Based on Fuzzy Coordinated Electric Vehicle Charging Station 127Sachpreet Kaur, Tarlochan Kaur and Rintu Khanna6.1 Introduction 1286.2 Microgrid System Framework and Component Description 1326.2.1 Single-Diode PV System Characteristics and its Modelling 1326.2.2 Modelling of an Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) 1336.2.3 Grid Interfacing Units 1356.3 Designing of the FL Controller for PEVs 1356.4 PEVs Control Strategy 1386.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 1396.5.1 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 1 1406.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Scenario 2 1416.6 Conclusions 143References 1437 Role of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Units in Smart Grids 147Swetha Shekarappa G, Manjulata Badi, Saurav Raj and Sheila Mahapatra7.1 Introduction 1477.2 Concepts of Renewable Energy 1517.3 Hydro Energy 1527.4 Solar Power 1577.5 Wind Energy 1607.6 Geothermal Energy 1637.7 Energy Storage in Smart Grids 165Conclusion and Future Scope 168Acknowledgement 169References 1698 Smart Grid in Indian Scenario 175Dr Suresh N S., Padmavathy N S., Dr S Arul Daniel and Dr Ramakrishna Kappagantu8.1 Introduction 1768.1.1 Smart Grid Technologies 1768.1.2 Why Smart Grid 1778.1.3 Smart Grid Control and Automation 1788.2 Smart Technologies in Smart Grid Implementation 1798.2.1 Measuring and Sensing Technologies 1808.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) 1808.2.3 Demand Side Management and Demand Response (DSM & DR) 1808.2.4 Power Quality Management (PQM) 1818.2.5 Outage Management System (OMS) 1818.2.6 Advanced Power Electronics 1828.2.7 Renewable Energy Integration 1838.2.8 Microgrid 1848.2.9 Wide Area Measurement Systems 1848.2.10 Energy Storage Systems 1858.2.11 Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) 1868.2.12 Integrated Communication Technologies (ICT) 1868.2.13 Cyber Security 1878.3 Implementation of Smart Grid Programs 1878.3.1 Challenges and Issues of SG Implementation 1888.3.2 Smart Grid Implementation in India: Puducherry Pilot Programs 1898.3.3 Power Quality of the Smart Grid 1918.4 Solar PV System Implementation in India 1918.5 Summary 192References 1939 An FPGA Based Embedded Sytems for Online Monitoring and Power Management in a Standalone Micro-Grid 195B Dastagiri Reddy, K Venkatraman, M.P Selvan and S Moorthi9.1 Introduction 1969.2 System Description 1979.3 Test Cases of Mirco-Grid Controller 2029.4 Signal Acquisition and Conditioning System 2089.5 Online Monitoring System 2109.6 Conclusion 211References 21210 Impact of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids and Micro-Grids 215Tomina Thomas, DR Prawin Angel Michael and Anoop Joy10.1 Introduction 21610.2 Microgrids in Electric Vehicle Technology 21710.2.1 Microgrid 22010.2.2 Microgrid Integration of EV with Distributed Generation 22110.2.3 Electric Vehicle Management and Optimal Power Flow 22110.3 Smart Grids in Electric Vehicle Technology 22610.3.1 Smart Grid 22610.4 Why Do We Need to Smarten Electricity Grids? 22710.4.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Scheduling Through Smart Grids 22810.4.2 Charging Stations Powered by Smart Grid 22910.5 Challenges Faced with the Introduction of EVs 22910.6 Current Trends in EV Technology in India 23010.7 The Relevance of Smart Grids and Micro Grids in EV Technology in India 23410.7.1 Relevance of Microgrids 23410.7.2 The Relevance of Smart Grids 23510.7.3 Issues and Recommendations: Grid Technology and EVs in India 23610.7.4 Future Directions 23810.8 Conclusion 239References 24011 Power Electronic Converters and Operational Analysis in Microgrid Environment 241Sreekanth Thamballa11.1 Introduction 24111.2 DC-DC Converters 24411.2.1 Buck Converter 24511.2.2 Boost Converter 24911.2.3 Buck-Boost Converter 25211.3 AC-DC Converters (Rectifiers) 25311.3.1 Single Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (SPDBR) 25311.3.2 Single Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier (SPCBR) 25411.3.3 Three Phase Controlled Rectifier 25811.3.4 Power Factor Correction Circuits (PFCs) 26011.4 DC-AC Converters (Inverters) 26011.4.1 Single Phase Two-Level Inverter (SPI) 26111.4.2 Three Phase Inverter 26311.4.3 Single Stage Inverters 26511.4.4 Multilevel Inverters 26611.5 AC-AC Converters 26611.5.1 Single Phase AC-AC Voltage Controller 26711.5.2 Single Phase Cycloconverter 26911.6 Tools for Simulating Power Electronic Converters 27011.6.1 Matlab 27011.6.2 Pspice 27011.6.3 Plecs 27111.6.4 Saber 271References 27112 IoT Based Underground Cable Fault Detection 273Dheeban S S, Muthu Selvan N B and Krishnaveni L12.1 Introduction 27412.2 Types of Fault in Underground Cables 27612.2.1 Open Circuit Fault 27612.2.2 Short Circuit Fault 27612.2.3 Earth Fault 27712.3 Fault Location Methods 27712.3.1 Online Method 27712.3.2 Offline Method 27812.3.2.1 Murray Loop Test 27812.3.2.2 Varley Loop Test 27912.3.2.3 Cable Thumping 28112.3.2.4 Time Domain Reflectometer 28212.3.2.5 High Voltage RADAR Methods 28312.4 Internet of Things 28412.5 Fault Detection in Cable Through IoT 28612.6 Conclusion 291Annexure 292References 29313 A Architectural Approach to Smart Grid Technology 295Manjulata Badi, Swetha Shekarappa G, Sheila Mahapatra and Saurav Raj13.1 Introduction 29613.2 Background of Power Grid 29613.3 India's Current Situation 29813.4 Current Structure of Smart Grid 29913.5 The Smart Grid 30213.6 Smart Grid Components 30413.6.1 Smart Meter 30413.6.2 Distribution Automation 30513.6.3 Management of the Request-Response 30513.6.4 Demand Side Management 30513.6.5 Intelligent Equipment 30613.6.6 Transmission Automation 30613.6.7 Vehicle Electric 30613.6.8 Electric Storage 30713.6.9 Sources of Renewable Energy 30713.7 Smart Grid Indian Drivers 30713.8 Smart Grid India's Latest Initiative 30813.9 Smart Grid Architecture Challenges and New Technologies 30913.9.1 Power System Planning 30913.10 Smart Grid Deployment Sophistication and Regular Organization 31013.10.1 Difficulty and Limitations 31013.10.2 Standard Organizations Related to Smart Grids 31113.11 Intelligent Grid Design Approach 31213.11.1 Smart Grid Concept Steps 31213.11.2 Intelligent Grid Frame Function 31313.12 Graphical Representation Review of Smart Grid Functionality 31413.12.1 Architecture for IEC, Model and Demand System Response 31513.12.2 Intelligent Grid Methods 31713.13 Conclusion and Future Scope 317References 31814 Role of Telecommunication Technologies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 325Vivek Menon U and Poongundran Selvaprabhu14.1 Introduction 32614.2 The Role of Microgrid and Smart Grid Towards Technology Development 32714.2.1 Microgrid 32714.2.1.1 Smart Parking Lot Using a Microgrid Control System 32714.2.1.2 Smart Community Microgrid (SCMG) 32914.2.1.3 Intelligent Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Street Lighting System Using a Micro Distributed Energy Storage System 33014.2.1.4 Residential Microgrid 33014.2.2 Smart Grid 33114.2.2.1 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) and Smart Meter 33114.2.2.2 Vehicle to Grid (V2G) 33114.2.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 33314.2.2.4 Smart Sensors 33314.2.2.5 Sensors and Actuator Network (SANET) 33414.3 Research Challenges and Opportunities in Microgrid and Smart Grid 33514.3.1 Research Challenges in Microgrid 33514.3.2 Research Challenges in Smart-Grid 33714.3.3 Opportunities in Microgrid 34014.3.4 Opportunities in Smart Grid 34114.4 Solutions for Research Challenges and Future Trends 34114.4.1 Solutions 34114.4.2 Future Trends in Microgrid and Smart Grid 34414.5 Role of Effective Communication Strategies in Microgrids and Smart Grids 34614.5.1 IoT in Microgrids and Smart Grids 35214.5.2 Cloud Computing in Microgrids and Smart Grids 35414.6 Smart Grids - Microgrids: A Demanding Use Case for Future 5G Technologies 35514.7 Conclusion 357Abbreviations 358References 360Index 365

O autorze

P. Prajof, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal. After receiving his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai. He has over 10 years of teaching experience and has published a number of scientific and technical papers and presented at several international conferences.S. Mohan Krishna, PhD, earned his doctorate in electrical engineering from the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), India in 2017. He has several research publications in academic journals and conference proceedings to his credit. He serves as the associate editor of a peer-reviewed international scientific journal and is also a reviewer for several other scientific journals.J. L. Febin Daya, PhD, is a professor at the School of Electrical Engineering at VIT University, Chennai, India. He received his PhD from Anna University, Tamilnadu, India in 2013 and has published more than 75 papers in various scientific journals and conferences. He serves as editor, associate editor, reviewer, or editorial board member on numerous journals and has served as a committee member or chair on over 15 conferences.Umashankar Subramaniam, PhD, is an associate professor in the Renewable Energy Lab at the College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia. He has over 15 years of teaching, research, and industrial experience and has published more than 250 research papers in national and international journals and conferences. He has authored or co-authored 12 books or chapters and is an editor of a peer-reviewed international scientific journal. He also has several awards, including a fellowship, to his credit.P.V. Brijesh is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Government Engineering College, Wayanad, India. He has over seven years of teaching experience, after receiving his BTech and post-graduate degrees.