Scanning Tunneling Microscopy I: General Principles and Applications to Clean and Adsorbate-Covered Surfaces

ISBN-13: 9783642973451 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 246 str.

Hans-Joachim G. Ntherodt; Roland Wiesendanger; D. Anselmetti

Opis

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy I provides a unique introduction to a novel and fascinating technique that produces beautiful images of nature on an atomic scale. It is the first of three volumes that together offer a comprehensive treatment of scanning tunneling microscopy, its diverse applications, and its theoretical treatment. In this volume the reader will find a detailed description of the technique itself and of its applications to metals, semiconductors, layered materials, adsorbed molecules and superconductors. In addition to the many representative results reviewed, extensive references to original work will help to make accessible the vast body of knowledge already accumulated in this field.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Historical Remarks on Electron Tunneling.- 1.2 STM and Related Techniques.- 1.2.1 Local Proximal Probes.- 1.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 1.3 Development of the Field.- 1.4 Prospects for the Future.- References.- 2. The Rise of Local Probe Methods.- 3. STM on Metals.- 3.1 Tunneling Tip.- 3.2 Tunneling Spectroscopies.- 3.2.1 Current Versus Gap Distance.- 3.2.2 Electronic Structure by dl/dV.- 3.3 Examples on Metal Surfaces.- 3.3.1 Surface Structures.- 3.3.2 Dynamics.- 3.4 Conclusion.- References.- 4. Adsorbate Covered Metal Surfaces and Reactions on Metal Surfaces.- 4.1 Imaging of Adsorbates by STM.- 4.1.1 Representation of Individual Adsorbates.- 4.1.2 Resolution and Corrugation in Closed Adlayers.- 4.1.3 Spectroscopy of Adsorbates.- 4.2 Processes at the Metal-Gas Interface.- 4.2.1 Adsorption, Dissociation, Surface Diffusion.- 4.2.2 Formation of Ordered Adsorbate Layers.- 4.3 Structure Modifications of Metal Surfaces.- 4.3.1 Adsorbate-Induced Reconstructive Transformations.- 4.3.2 Oxidation Reactions.- 4.4 Epitaxial Growth of Metals on Metal Substrates.- 4.5 Conclusions.- References.- 5. STM on Semiconductors.- 5.1 Experimental Technique.- 5.1.1 Topographic Imaging.- 5.1.2 Tunneling Spectroscopy.- 5.2 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy/Spectroscopy on Surfaces.- 5.2.1 Clean Group IV Semiconductors.- 5.2.2 Clean Compound Semiconductor Surfaces.- 5.2.3 Adsorbates and Overlayers on Semiconductors.- 5.2.4 Chemical Reactions on Semiconductor Surfaces.- 5.3 Other Tunneling Techniques Applied to Semiconductors.- 5.3.1 Surface Photovoltage.- 5.3.2 Tunnehng-Induced Luminescence.- 5.3.3 Potentiometry.- 5.3.4 Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEEM).- References.- 6. STM on Layered Materials.- 6.1 STM Studies of Graphite.- 6.1.1 Site Asymmetry, Energy-Dependent Corrugation, Tunneling Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of the Graphite Surface.- 6.1.2 Giant Corrugations, Tip-Sample Interaction and Elastic Response of the Graphite Surface.- 6.1.3 Anomalous STM Images.- 6.1.4 STM Imaging of Defects.- 6.1.5 STM Studies of Clusters on the Graphite Surface.- 6.2 STM Studies of Graphite Intercalation Compounds.- 6.2.1 Donor Graphite Intercalation Compounds.- 6.2.2 Acceptor Graphite Intercalation Compounds.- 6.2.3 Interpretation and Comparison with Theoretical Predictions.- 6.3 STM Studies of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.- 6.4 STM Studies of Charge Density Waves.- 6.4.1 Charge Density Waves in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides.- 6.4.2 Charge Density Wave Defects and Domains.- 6.4.3 Charge Density Waves in Quasi-One-Dimensional Systems.- 6.5 STM Studies of High-Tc Superconductors.- 6.6 Concluding Comments.- References.- 7. Molecular Imaging by STM.- 7.1 Introduction to STM of Molecules.- 7.2 STM of Chemisorbed Molecules in Ultrahigh Vacuum.- 7.2.1 Coadsorbed Benzene and CO on Rh(111).- 7.2.2 Copper-Phthalocyanine on Cu(100) and GaAs (110).- 7.2.3 Naphthalene on Pt(111).- 7.3 STM of Alkanes and Their Derivatives.- 7.3.1 Cadmium Arachidate and Other Langmuir-Blodgett Films.- 7.3.2 n-Alkanes on Graphite.- 7.3.3 Alkylbenzenes on Graphite.- 7.4 STM of Liquid Crystals.- 7.4.1 Alkylcyanobiphenyls.- 7.4.2 Other Liquid Crystals.- 7.5 STM of Polymers.- 7.5.1 PODA, PMMA, and PMPS on Graphite.- 7.5.2 Polyethylene on Graphite.- 7.6 Other Molecules.- 7.7 Conclusions.- References.- 8. STM on Superconductors.- 8.1 Theory of TunneUng into Superconductors.- 8.1.1 Coulomb Blockade.- 8.2 Low Temperature STM Spectroscopy on Classical Superconductors.- 8.3 Vortices.- 8.4 Organic Superconductors.- 8.5 STM Topography on High-Tc Superconductors.- 8.5.1 Granularity and Growth Structures.- 8.5.2 Potentiometry.- 8.5.3 Incommensurate Modulation.- 8.6 STM Spectroscopy on High-Tc Superconductors.- 8.6.1 Normal State Spectroscopy.- 8.6.2 STM Spectroscopy of the Superconducting State.- 8.6.3 Energy Gap.- 8.7 Concluding Remarks.- References.