Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Volume 25

ISBN-13: 9780470179987 / Angielski / Twarda / 2007 / 448 str.

Lipkowitz, Kenny B.

Opis

VOLUME 25

Reviews in Computational Chemistry

Kenny B. Lipkowitz and Thomas R. Cundari

This Volume, Like Those Prior To It, Features Pedagogically Driven Reviews By Experts In Various Fields Of Computational Chemistry. Volume 25 Contains: Eight Chapters Covering The Glass Transition In Polymer Melts, Atomistic Modeling Of Friction, The Computation Of Free Volume, Structural Order And Entropy Of Liquids And Glasses, The Reactivity Of Materials At Extreme Conditions, Magnetic Properties Of Transition Metal Clusters, Multiconfigurational Quantum Methods For The Treatment Of Heavy Metals, Recursive Solutions To Large Eigenvalue Problems, And The Development And Uses Of Artificial Intelligence In Chemistry.

From Reviews of the Series

"Reviews in Computational Chemistry remains the most valuable reference to methods and techniques in computational chemistry."
-JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR GRAPHICS AND MODELLING

"One cannot generally do better than to try to find an appropriate article in the highly successful Reviews in Computational Chemistry. The basic philosophy of the editors seems to be to help the authors produce chapters that are complete, accurate, clear, and accessible to experimentalists (in particular) and other nonspecialists (in general)."
-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY

Spis treści

1. Determining the Glass Transition in Polymer Melts ( Wolfgang Paul).

Introduction.

Phenomenology of the Glass Transition.

Model Building.

Chemically Realistic Modeling.

Coarse–Grained Models.

Coarse–Grained Models of the Bead–Spring Type.

The Bond–Fluctuation Lattice Model.

Simulation Methods.

Monte Carlo Methods.

Molecular Dynamics Method.

Thermodynamic Properties.

Dynamics in Super–Cooled Polymer Melts.

Dynamics in the Bead–Spring Model.

Dynamics in 1,4–Polybutadiene.

Dynamic Heterogeneity.

Summary.

Acknowledgments.

References.

2. Atomistic Modeling of Friction (Nicholas J. Mosey and Martin H. Muser).

Introduction.

Theoretical Background.

Friction Mechanisms.

Load–Dependence of Friction.

Velocity–Dependence of Friction.

Role of Interfacial Symmetry.

Computational Aspects.

Surface Roughness.

Imposing Load and Shear.

Imposing Constant Temperature.

Bulk Systems.

Computational Models.

Selected Case Studies.

Instabilities, Hysteresis, and Energy Dissipation.

The Role of Atomic–Scale Roughness.

Superlubricity.

Self–Assembled Monolayers.

Tribochemistry.

Concluding Remarks.

Acknowledgments.

References.

3. Computing Free Volume, Structural Order, and Entropy of Liquids and Glasses (Jeetain Mittal, William P. Krekelberg, Jeffrey R. Errington, and Thomas M. Truskett).

Introduction.

Metrics for Structural Order.

Crystal–Independent Structural Order Metrics.

Structural Ordering Maps.

Free Volume.

Identifying Cavities and Computing Their Volumes.

Computing Free Volumes.

Computing Thermodynamics from Free Volumes.

Relating Dynamics to Free Volumes.

Entropy.

Testing the Adam Gibbs Relationship.

An Alternative to Adam Gibbs?

Conclusions.

Acknowledgments.

References.

4. The Reactivity of Energetic Materials at Extreme Conditions (Laurence E. Fried).

Introduction.

Chemical Equilibrium.

Atomistic Modeling of Condensed–Phase Reactions.

First Principles Simulations of High Explosives.

Conclusions.

Acknowledgments.

References.

5. Magnetic Properties of Atomic Clusters of the Transition Elements (Julio A. Alonso).

Introduction.

Basic Concepts.

Experimental Studies of the Dependence of the Magnetic Moments with Cluster Size.

Simple Explanation of the Decay of the Magnetic Moments with Cluster Size.

Tight Binding Method.

Tight Binding Approximation for the d Electrons.

Introduction of s and p Electrons.

Formulation of the Tight Binding Method in the Notation of Second Quantization.

Spin–Density Functional Theory.

General Density Functional Theory.

Spin Polarization in Density Functional Theory.

Local Spin–Density Approximation (LSDA).

Noncollinear Spin Density Functional Theory.

Measurement and Interpretation of the Magnetic Moments of Nickel Clusters.

Interpretation Using Tight Binding Calculations.

Influence of the s Electrons.

Density Functional Calculations for Small Nickel Clusters.

Orbital Polarization.

Clusters of Other 3d Elements.

Chromium and Iron Clusters.

Manganese Clusters.

Clusters of the 4d Elements.

Rhodium Clusters.

Ruthenium and Palladium Clusters.

Effect of Adsorbed Molecules.

Determination of Magnetic Moments by Combining Theory and Photodetachment Spectroscopy.

Summary and Prospects.

Appendix. Calculation of the Density of Electronic States within the Tight Binding Theory by the Method of Moments.

Acknowledgments.

References.

6. Transition Metal– and Actinide–Containing Systems Studied with Multiconfigurational Quantum Chemical Methods (Laura Gagliardi).

Introduction.

The Multiconfigurational Approach.

The Complete Active Space SCF Method.

Multiconfigurational Second–Order Perturbation Theory, CASPT2.

Treatment of Relativity.

Relativistic AO Basis Sets.

The Multiple Metal Metal Bond in Re₂Cl^2–₈ and Related Systems.

The Cr Cr Multiple Bond.

Cu₂O₂ Theoretical Models.

Spectroscopy of Triatomic Molecules Containing One Uranium Atom.

Actinide Chemistry in Solution.

The Actinide Actinide Chemical Bond.

Inorganic Chemistry of Diuranium.

Conclusions.

Acknowledgments.

References.

7. Recursive Solutions to Large Eigenproblems in Molecular Spectroscopy and Reaction Dynamics (Hua Guo).

Introduction.

Quantum Mechanics and Eigenproblems.

Discretization.

Direct Diagonalization.

Scaling Laws and Motivation for Recursive Diagonalization.

Recursion and the Krylov Subspace.

Lanczos Recursion.

Exact Arithmetic.

Finite–Precision Arithmetic.

Extensions of the Original Lanczos Algorithm.

Transition Amplitudes.

Expectation Values.

Chebyshev Recursion.

Chebyshev Operator and Cosine Propagator.

Spectral Method.

Filter–Diagonalization.

Filter–Diagonalization Based on Chebyshev Recursion.

Low–Storage Filter–Diagonalization.

Filter–Diagonalization Based on Lanczos Recursion.

Symmetry Adaptation.

Complex–Symmetric Problems.

Propagation of Wave Packets and Density Matrices.

Applications.

Bound States and Spectroscopy.

Reaction Dynamics.

Lanczos vs. Chebyshev.

Summary.

Acknowledgments.

References.

8. Development and Uses of Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry (Hugh Cartwright).

Introduction.

Evolutionary Algorithms.

Principles of Genetic Algorithms.

Genetic Algorithm Implementation.

Why Does the Genetic Algorithm Work?

Where Is the Learning in the Genetic Algorithm?

What Can the Genetic Algorithm Do?

What Can Go Wrong with the Genetic Algorithm?

Neural Networks.

Neural Network Principles.

Neural Network Implementation.

Why Does the Neural Network Work?

What Can We Do with Neural Networks?

What Can Go Wrong?

Self–Organizing Maps.

Where Is The Learning?

Some Applications of SOMs.

Expert Systems.

Conclusion.

References.

Author Index.

Subject Index.