Renewable Energy for Sustainable Growth Assessment

ISBN-13: 9781119785361 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 656 str.

Prabhansu Prabhansu

Spis treści

Preface xix1 Biomass as Emerging Renewable: Challenges and Opportunities 1Prabhansu and Nayan Kumar1.1 Introduction 11.2 Bioenergy Chemical Characterization 51.2.1 Cellulose [C6(H2O)5]n 51.2.2 Hemicellulose [C5(H2O)4]n 51.2.3 Lignin [C10H12O3]n 51.2.4 Starch 51.2.5 Other Minor Components of Organic Matter 51.2.6 Inorganic Matter 61.3 Technologies Available for Conversion of Bioenergy 61.4 Progress in Scientific Study 71.4.1 Combustion Technology 71.4.2 Hybrid Systems 81.4.3 Circular Bio-Economy 81.4.4 Other Notable Developments 91.5 Status of Biomass Utilization in India 91.6 Major Issues in Biomass Energy Projects 111.6.1 Large Task Costs 111.6.2 Lower Proficiency of Advancements 111.6.3 Immature Innovations 111.6.4 Lack of Subsidizing Alternatives 111.6.5 Non-Transparent Exchange Markets 111.6.6 High Dangers/Low Compensations 121.6.7 Resource Value Acceleration 121.7 Challenges in Commercialization 121.7.1 Financial Dangers 121.7.2 Technological Dangers 121.7.3 Principal Specialist Hazard 131.7.4 Market Acknowledgement Chances 131.7.5 Environmental Dangers 131.7.6 COVID-19: The Impact on Bioenergy 131.8 Concluding Remarks 14References 142 Assessment of Renewable Energy Technologies Based on Sustainability Indicators for Indian Scenario 25Anuja Shaktawat and Shelly VadheraNomenclature 252.1 Introduction 262.2 RE Scenario in India 272.2.1 Large Hydropower 282.2.2 Small Hydropower 282.2.3 Onshore Wind Power 292.2.4 Solar Power 292.2.5 Bioenergy 292.3 Impact of COVID-19 on RE Sector in India 302.4 Sustainability Assessment of RE Technologies 302.4.1 RE Technologies Selection 312.4.2 Sustainability Indicators Selection and Their Weightage 312.4.3 Methodology 322.4.3.1 The TOPSIS Method 322.4.3.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS 342.5 Ranking of RE Technologies 362.5.1 The TOPSIS 362.5.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS 362.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulations-Based Probabilistic Ranking 382.6 Results and Discussion 422.7 Conclusion 43References 433 A Review of Biomass Impact and Energy Conversion 49Dhanasekaran Subashri and Pambayan Ulagan Mahalingam3.1 Introduction 493.2 Non-Renewable Energy Resources: Crisis and Demand 503.3 Environmental Impacts and Control by Biomass Conversion 523.3.1 Biomass and Its Various Sources for Energy Conversion 523.3.1.1 Sugar and Starch-Based Biomass (First-Generation - 1G) 533.3.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (Second-Generation - 2G) 533.3.1.3 Micro and Macroalgal Biomass (Third-Generation - 3G) 583.3.1.4 Genetically Engineered Biomass (Fourth-Generation) 603.3.1.5 Waste Biomass Resources 603.3.2 Biomass Conversion Process 663.3.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion 663.3.2.2 Biological Conversion 673.3.2.3 Advanced Technology for Biomass Conversion 683.3.3 Biofuel as Renewable Energy for the Future 703.3.3.1 Solid Fuel 703.3.3.2 Gaseous Fuel 713.3.3.3 Liquid Biofuel 713.4 Future Trends 723.5 Conclusion 72Acknowledgment 73References 734 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems 81Vishal Anand, Varsha Singh and Saad Mekhlief4.1 Introduction: Need of Renewable Energy System 814.1.1 Financial Aspects 834.1.2 Environmental Aspects 834.1.3 Economic Feasibility 844.1.4 Present Scenario of Renewable Energy Sources 864.2 Power Electronics Technologies 874.2.1 AC-DC Converters 874.2.2 DC-AC Converters 884.2.3 DC-DC Converters 904.2.4 AC-AC Converter 914.3 Energy Conversion Controller Design Using Power Electronics 924.4 Carbon Emission Reduction Using Power Electronics 954.4.1 Renewable Power Generation 974.5 Efficient Transmission of Power 1004.6 Issues and Challenges of Power Electronics 1004.7 Energy Storage Utilized by Power Electronics for Power System 1014.8 Application of Power Electronics 1014.8.1 VSC-Based HVDC 1014.8.2 Power Electronics in Electric Drives 1024.8.3 Power Electronics in Electric Vehicles 1034.8.4 Power Electronics in More Electric Effect (MEE) 1054.8.4.1 More Electric Aircraft 1054.8.4.2 More Electric Ships 1054.8.5 Advanced Applications of Power Converters in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) 1064.9 Case Study on PV Farm and Wind Farm Using Converter Modelling 1064.9.1 A 400KW 4 PV Farm 1064.9.2 Wind Generation Using DFIG 1094.10 Reliability of Renewable Energy System 1104.10.1 Reliability of Photovolatic-Based Power System 1104.10.2 Reliability of Wind-Turbine-Based Power System 1104.10.3 Reliability of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy System 1114.11 Conclusion 111References 1125 Thermal Performance Studies of an Artificially Roughened Corrugated Aluminium Alloy (AlMn1Cu) Plate Solar Air Heater (SAH) at a Moderate Air Flow Rate 119Dutta P. P., Goswami P.., Das A., Chutia L., Borbara M., Das V., Bania K., Rai S. and Bardalai M.Nomenclature 1195.1 Introduction 1205.2 Methodology 1245.2.1 Experimental Setup 1245.2.2 Mathematical Modelling 1255.3 Results and Discussion 1285.4 Conclusions 131Acknowledgement 132References 1326 An Overview of Partial Shading on PV Systems 135Siddharth Mathur, Gautam Raina, Pulkit Jain and Sunanda SinhaNomenclature 1356.1 Introduction 1366.2 Basics of Partial Shading 1396.2.1 Types & Occurrence of Partial Shading 1426.2.2 Problem Associated with Partial Shading 1436.2.3 Details About Partial Shading Mitigation Techniques 1466.2.3.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques 1466.2.3.2 PV System Architecture 1476.2.3.3 Converter Topologies 1486.3 Mitigation of Partial Shading Using Array Reconfiguration Techniques 1496.3.1 Conventional 1516.3.2 Hybrid 1556.3.3 Reconfigured/Modified Configurations 1576.3.4 Puzzle-Based Configuration 1576.3.5 Metaheuristic-Based PV Array Configurations 1686.4 Case Study on Different Techniques of Array Reconfiguration According to its Classification - (2015-2020) 1726.5 Future Directions 1726.6 Discussion & Conclusion 173References 1747 Optical Modeling Techniques for Bifacial PV 181Pulkit Jain, Gautam Raina, Siddharth Mathur and Sunanda SinhaNomenclature 1817.1 Introduction 1827.2 Background 1837.2.1 Bifacial Cells and Modules 1837.2.2 Cell Technologies 1857.2.3 Geometric Parameters and Metrics 1867.2.3.1 Bifaciality Factor 1877.2.3.2 Bifacial Gain (BG) 1877.3 Bifacial PV System and Modelling 1887.3.1 Need for Optical Modeling of Bifacial PV 1887.3.2 Bifacial PV Modeling Challenges 1897.3.3 Bifacial Irradiance Models 1927.3.3.1 Ray-Tracing Model 1927.3.3.2 Empirical Models 1957.3.3.3 View Factor Model 1967.3.4 Optical Modelling of Bifacial PV 1987.3.4.1 Frontside Irradiance 1987.3.4.2 Rear-Side Irradiance 2027.3.5 Comparison of Different Models/Software 2057.4 Effect of Installation and Weather Parameters on Energy Yield 2087.4.1 Effect of Installation Parameters 2087.4.2 Effect of Albedo 2087.4.3 Effect of Tilt Angle 2087.4.4 Effect of Elevation 2097.4.5 Effect of Weather Parameters 2107.5 Conclusion 211References 2128 Intervention of Microorganisms for the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Extract the Fermentable Sugars for Biofuel Production 217M. Naveen Kumar, A. Gangagni Rao, Sudharshan Juntupally, Vijayalakshmi Arelli and Sameena Begum8.1 Introduction 2178.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 2188.2.1 Types of Lignocellulosic Biomass 2198.2.1.1 Virgin Biomass 2198.2.1.2 Agricultural and Energy Crops 2208.2.1.3 Waste Biomass 2208.3 Role of Pretreatment in Biofuel Generations 2208.3.1 Non-Biological Pretreatment 2228.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment 2238.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment 2238.3.1.3 Physico-Chemical (Hybrid) Pretreatment 2248.4 Biological Pretreatment and its Significance 2278.4.1 Role of Fungi in Pretreatment 2288.4.1.1 Biological Mechanisms of Delignification in Fungi 2288.4.2 Role of Prokaryotic Pretreatment 2328.4.2.1 Bacterial Enzymes Involved in Lignin De-Polymerization 2328.4.2.2 Types of Bacteria and their Role in Delignification 2338.5 Combined Biological Pretreatment Case Studies and Opportunities 2348.6 Future Prospects 2368.6.1 Role of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 2368.7 Conclusion 236Acknowledgement 237Conflicts of Interest 237References 2379 Biomass and Bioenergy: Resources, Conversion and Application 243Dr. Sunita Barot9.1 Introduction to Biomass 2439.2 Classification of Biomass Resources 2449.3 Biomass to Bioenergy Conversion 2479.4 Environmental Impacts of Biomass & Bioenergy 2539.5 Solutions to the Environmental Impacts 2549.6 Case Study of US - Conversion of MSW to Energy 2559.7 Bioenergy Products 2569.8 Effects of Covid-19 on Bioenergy Sector 258References 25810 Renewable Energy Development in Africa: Lessons and Policy Recommendations from South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria 263Adedoyin Adeleke, Fabio Inzoli and Emanuela Colombo10.1 Introduction 26310.2 Existing Knowledge and Contributions to Literature 26510.3 Renewable Energy Development in South Africa 26910.3.1 Policies and Strategies 26910.3.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 27210.4 Renewable Energy Development in Egypt 27510.4.1 Policies and Strategies 27510.4.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 27710.5 Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria 28410.5.1 Policies and Strategies 28510.5.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 28810.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications 29110.6.1 Policy Implications from South Africa and Egypt 29110.6.2 Barriers to Renewable Energy Development in Africa: The Case of Nigeria 29310.7 Conclusion 297References 29811 Sustainable Development of Pine Biocarbon Derived Thermally Stable and Electrically Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite Films 305Rehnuma Saleheen, MGH Zaidi, Sameena Mehtab and Kavita Singhal11.1 Introduction 30511.1.1 Biomass Resources 30711.1.2 Biomass Utilization 30811.1.2.1 Production of BC from Biomass 30811.1.2.2 Production of CF 30911.1.3 Applications of BC 31011.1.3.1 BC as CI 31011.1.3.2 BC for ESDs 31111.1.3.3 BC as Filler for Polymer Composites 31111.1.3.4 BC-Derived Sustainable OP 31311.2 Experimental Procedures 31411.2.1 Starting Materials 31411.2.2 Development of Pine Cone-Derived BC and Nano Pine-Derived BC 31411.2.3 Development of OP 31411.2.4 Development of ECF 31611.3 Characterization 31611.4 Results and Discussion 31611.4.1 Spectra of ECF 31611.4.2 Microstructure of ECF 31811.4.3 Thermal Stability of ECF 31811.5 Electrical Behaviour of ECF 32011.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 321Acknowledgement 322References 32212 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems 327Nandhini Gayathri M. and Kannbhiran A.12.1 Introduction 32712.2 Power Electronics on Energy Systems and its Impact 32812.3 The Power Electronics Contribution and its Challenges in the Current Energy Scenario 33012.4 Recent Growth in Power Semiconductor Technology 33512.5 A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy Systems: AC-Link Universal Power Converters 33712.6 Power Converters for Wind Turbines and Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 34012.7 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter Based PV Systems 34212.8 AC-DC-AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 34512.9 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 34512.10 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies 34912.11 Boost Pre-Regulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 35012.12 Active Power Filter 35012.13 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 35112.14 Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 35212.15 Impedance Source Inverters 35312.16 Conclusion 354References 35413 Fuel Cells for Alternative and Sustainable Energy Systems 363N. V. Raghavaiah and Dr. G. Naga Srinivasulu13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems 36313.1.1 Brief History 36313.2 Overview of Fuel Technology 36413.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Working 36513.2.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 36613.2.3 Fuel Cell Performance 36813.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Density 37113.3 Energy Storage Applications of Fuel Cells 37113.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cell System 37213.5 Latest Developments in Fuel Cell Technology 37213.5.1 Electrode Design - as a Function of Catalyst 37413.5.2 Efficient Structure Design: Fuel Cell Mass Transportation 37513.5.3 Design of Flow Patterns 37513.5.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells 37613.6 Future Perspective of Fuel Cell 37613.6.1 Research and Technological Factors 37613.6.2 Perspective View 37713.6.3 Environmental Crisis 37713.6.4 Fuel EVs Infrastructure 37813.6.5 Renewables: A Window of Opportunity for Fuel Cells 37813.6.6 Energy Storage: A Big, Challenging Issue 38013.6.7 Future Predictions: On Fuel Cell Systems 38013.6.8 Hydrogen Economy 38313.7 Case Studies 38413.7.1 Case Study-1 38413.7.2 Case Study-2 38513.7.3 Case Study-3 38613.8 Summary 387References 38714 Fuel Cell Utilization for Energy Storage 389Archit Rai and Sumit Pramanik14.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 38914.2 Fuel Cell Mechanism 39114.3 Efficiency of Fuel Cell 39114.3.1 Efficiency Calculations 39214.3.2 Co-Generation of Heat and Power 39314.4 Types of Fuel Cells 39314.4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 39414.4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 39414.4.3 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 39814.4.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 39814.4.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 39814.5 Hydrogen Production 39914.5.1 Steam Methane Reforming or SMR (Natural Gas Reforming) 40014.5.2 Coal Gasification Process 40014.5.3 Biomass Gasification 40014.5.4 Biomass Derived Fuel Reforming 40114.5.5 Thermochemical Water Splitting 40114.5.6 Electrolytic Process 40114.5.7 Direct Solar Water Splitting Process 40214.5.8 Biological Processes 40214.5.9 Microbial Biomass Conversion 40214.5.10 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) 40314.6 Fuel Cells Applications and Advancements 40314.6.1 Applications 40314.6.2 Advancements 40414.6.3 Applications and Advancements of Fuel Cells in Automobile Sector 40514.6 Conclusions 405References 40615 Miniature Hydel Energy Harvesting Unit to Power Auto Faucet and Lighting Systems for Domestic Applications 409Farid Ullah Khan, Adil Ahmad Taj, Umar Safi Ullah Jan and Gule Saman15.1 Introduction 40915.2 Literature Review 41215.3 Data Collection and Theoretical Hydraulic Power Calculations 41415.4 Architecture and Working of Prototypes 41415.5 Design and Simulation 41615.6 Fabrication of Prototypes 42015.6.1 Fabrication of Prototype-1 42015.6.2 Fabrication of Prototype-2 42215.6.3 Fabrication of Prototype-3 42315.7 Experimentation of Prototypes 42415.8 Experimentation for Auto Faucet System 42815.9 Conclusions 432References 43216 Modeling, Performance Analysis, Impact Study and Operational Paradigms of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant 435B. Koti Reddy and Dr. Amit Kumar Singh16.1 Introduction 43516.2 Solar Energy 43616.2.1 Forms of Energy Resources 43616.2.2 Solar Spectrum 43716.2.3 Sun Tracking and Location 43816.2.4 Solar Energy Fundamentals 43916.2.5 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (SPP) 44416.3 Modeling of PV Modules 44516.3.1 Simulation Model 44716.3.2 Simulation Results 44816.4 Design of 12 MWp SPP 45216.4.1 Selection of Site 45216.4.2 Equipment Sizing 45316.4.3 Cost Estimates 45416.4.4 Shadow Analysis 45416.4.5 Power Output Estimates 45716.5 Field Equipment Details 45716.6 Performance Analysis 45816.6.1 Performance Indicators 45816.6.2 Field Data and Analysis 45916.6.3 Intangible Benefits Realised in Past Three Years 45916.7 Technical Issues and New Paradigms 45916.7.1 Technical Issues 46116.7.2 Paradigm Shift 46716.8 Opportunities and Future Scope 47016.8.1 Opportunities 47116.8.2 Latest Trends 47116.8.3 Future Scope 47116.9 Conclusions 473References 47317 A Review on Control Technologies and Islanding Issues in Microgrids 475Anup Kumar Nanda, Babita Panda and Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi17.1 Introduction 47517.2 Importance of Microgrid 47617.3 Microgrid Types 47717.4 Problems in Islanded Mode of Operation 47817.5 Features of Microgrid Control System 47917.6 Microgrid Islanding 48017.7 Control Techniques 48117.7.1 Primary Level 48117.7.2 Secondary Level 48217.7.2.1 Centralized Control Strategy 48317.7.2.2 Decentralized Control Strategy 48317.7.3 Tertiary Level 48417.8 Autonomous Control Architecture 48617.9 Optimization of Control in Microgrids 48717.9.1 Linear Programming 48717.9.2 Non-Linear Programming 48817.10 Inverter Control in Microgrids 48817.10.1 PQ Control 48817.10.2 Voltage Source Inverter Control 48917.10.2.1 Power Control Mode (PCM) 48917.10.2.2 Voltage Control Mode (VCM) 48917.11 Droop Control 48917.11.1 V/f Control 49117.12 Modern Prospects of Microgrid Research 49217.12.1 Multi Microgrid Control 49217.12.2 Energy Storage Management 49217.12.3 Management of Loads 49217.12.4 Hybrid Energy Mangement System 49217.12.5 Implementation of Soft Switches 49217.12.6 Protection and Stability Analysis 49317.12.7 Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques 49317.12.7.1 Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) 49417.12.7.2 Hybrid GWO and P&O Algorithm (Hyb.) 49517.12.7.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 49517.12.7.4 Communication Technologies 49817.13 Conclusion 498References 49918 A Review of Microgrid Protection Schemes Resilient to Weather Intermittency and DER Faults 503Goyal R. Awagan Ebha Koley and Subhojit Ghosh18.1 Introduction 50318.2 Islanding Detection 50618.2.1 Central Islanding Detection 50618.2.2 Local Islanding Detection 50718.2.3 Feature Extraction-Based Islanding Detection 50718.2.4 Machine Learning-Based Islanding Detection 50818.3 Protection Challenges Due to Weather Intermittency 50818.3.1 Solar Irradiance Intermittency 50918.3.2 Wind Speed Intermittency 51018.3.3 Solar-Wind Combined Intermittency 51118.4 Protection Challenges Due to Converter Faults 51118.5 Protection Challenges Due to PV Array Faults 51318.5.1 LG Fault 51318.5.2 LL Fault 51318.5.3 Arc Fault 51318.5.4 Faults Due to Partial Shading 51418.6 Conclusion 517References 51719 Theories of Finance for Generation Portfolio Optimization 523Arjun C. Unni, Weerakorn Ongsakul and Nimal Madhu M.Acronyms 52319.1 Introduction 52419.2 Introduction to Portfolio Optimization 52619.3 Using Fuzzy Logic to Create Risk and Reward Index 52719.4 Markovitz Mean-Variance Theory 53019.5 Black-Litterman Model 53119.6 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) 53219.7 Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) 53219.8 Results and Discussion 53419.9 Conclusion 540References 54020 Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Wind Energy Systems 543Vijaya Priya R., Raja Pichamuthu and M.P. Selvan20.1 PMSG-Based WECS 54320.1.1 Configurations of WECS 54420.1.2 General Control Requirements of WECS 54420.1.3 Insights from Literature Review 54520.1.4 Objectives and Scope of the Present Research Work 54620.1.5 Contributions of the Chapter 54620.2 System Modelling 54720.2.1 Wind Turbine Modelling 54720.2.2 PMSG Modelling 54820.2.3 Drive-Train Shaft Modelling 54920.2.4 DC-Link Modelling 54920.2.5 GSC Filter Design 55020.2.6 Grid Modelling 55020.2.7 Dynamic Operating Conditions 55120.2.7.1 Grid Disturbances 55120.2.7.2 Converter Non-Linearities 55420.2.8 SRF-PLL Modelling 55420.3 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation Based on Stator SRF-PLL 55520.3.1 PMSG Angular Speed Reference Signal Computation 55620.3.2 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation 55620.3.3 Vector Control 55820.3.4 Analytical Validations 55920.3.4.1 Starting Characteristics 55920.3.4.2 Wind Velocity Variation 55920.3.4.3 Converter Non-Linearities 56020.3.4.4 Utility Harmonics 56120.3.4.5 Sensitivity Study 56220.3.5 Summary 56420.4 Active Power and Current Reference Generation Scheme 56420.4.1 System Modeling 56520.4.1.1 MSC Controller Design 56520.4.1.2 GSC and Controller Design 56720.4.2 MSC Reference Power Generation Scheme 57020.4.3 GSC Current Oscillation Component Computation 57320.4.4 Analytical Validation 57420.4.4.1 Symmetrical Voltage Sag 57420.4.4.2 Distorted Utility 57520.4.5 Summary 57720.5 Torsional Oscillation Damping 57720.5.1 Dynamic Effects under MPPT and PLMs 57820.5.1.1 Fast DC Link Voltage Control 57920.5.1.2 Slow DC-Link Voltage Control 58120.5.2 Proposed Active Damping Scheme for Torsional Mode Operation 58320.5.3 Proposed Control for GSC Control 58520.5.3.1 DPC Scheme 58620.5.3.2 Power Oscillation Term Computation 58620.5.4 Simulation Validation 58720.5.4.1 Turbulent and Gust Wind Speed 58720.5.4.2 Unsymmetrical Voltage Sag 58820.5.5 Summary 59020.6 Conclusions 590Appendices and Nomenclature 591References 59221 Study of Radiant Cooling System with Parallel Desiccant Based Dedicated Outdoor Air System with Solar Regeneration 595Prateek Srivastava and Gaurav Singh21.1 Introduction 59521.2 Dedicated Outdoor Air System 59821.3 Desiccant 59921.4 Radiant Cooling System with DOAS 60221.5 Methodology 60421.6 Building Description 60521.7 System and Model Description 60621.8 Result and Discussion 60921.9 Primary Energy Consumption and Coefficient of Performance (COP) Analysis 61021.10 Solar Energy Performance 61321.11 Conclusions 614References 614Index 619

O autorze

Nayan Kumar, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India, in 2018. His current research interests include power electronics and its applications such as in PV systems, wind turbines, electric vehicles, reliability, harmonics and adjustable speed??drives.Prabhansu, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, India. He has been associated with the Renewable Energy Lab at the Institute since early 2020 and has over 11 years of experience in the field of solar energy extraction and gasification.