Radiometry in Modern Scientific Experiments

ISBN-13: 9783709101032 / Angielski / Twarda / 2011 / 216 str.

A. M. Pravilov

Opis

The reader is provided with information about methods of calibration of light sources and photodetectors as well as responsiveness of spectral instruments ranging from near infrared to vacuum UV spectral, 1200 - 100 nm, and radiation intensities of up to several quanta per second in absolute and arbitrary units. The author describes for the first time original methods of measurements they created and draws upon over 40 years of experience in working with light sources and detectors to provide accurate and precise measurements. This book is the first to cover these aspects of radiometry and is divided into seven chapters thatexamine information about terminology, units, light sources and detectors, methods, including author's original ones, of absolute calibration of detectors, spectral instruments responsiveness, absolute measurements of radiation intensity of photoprocesses, and original methods of their study. Of interest to researchers measuring; luminescence spectra, light intensities from IR to vacuum UV, spectral range in wide-light intensity ranges, calibrate light sources and detectors, absolute or relative quantum yields of photoprocess determination.

Spis treści

Preface.- Acknowlegments. - Chapter 1. Introduction.- 1.1 General.- 1.2 Radiometric, photometric and photonic quantities and units.- 1.2 Relationship between between radiometric, photometric and photonic units9.- 1.3 The essential features required of metrological assurance for radiometric measurements.- References.- Chapter 2 Radiation sources in radiometric applications.- 2.1 General3.- 2.2 Calibrated sources of thermal radiation.- 2.1.1 Planck’s law in different units.- 2.1.2 Radiation from true bodies.- 2.1.3 The brightness and color temperatures in measurements with strip lamps.- 2.1.4. Quartz tungsten–halogen lamps.- 2.2 Gas-discharge radiation sources for the UV of λ > 190 nm.- 2.3 Gas-discharge radiation sources for vacuum UV of λ > 115 nm.- 2.3 Synchrotron radiation.- 2.3.1 Calibration of radiation sources.- 2.3.2 Calibration of photodetectors.- Problems.- References.- Chapter 3 Photodetectors in radiometric applications.- 3.1. Classification of photodetectors.- 3.2. Operational features of photodetectors.- 3.2.1 Photodetector responsivity.- 3.2.2 Spectral responsivity.- 3.2.3 Total responsivity.- 3.2.4. Responsivity of nonlinear photodetectors.- 3.2.5. Effects affecting responsivity.- 3.2.6 Noise and detectivity.- 3.2.7 Dynamic characteristics of photodetectors.- 3.3 Thermal detectors1.- 3.3.1 Thermocouples and thermopiles.- 3.3.2 Electrical substitution and cryogenic radiometers.- 3.3.3 Bolometers and thermistors.- 3.3.4 Pyroelectric detectors.- 3.3.5 Golay pneumatic detectors.- 3.4 Photoemissive detectors.- 3.4.1. Vacuum phototubes.- 3.4.2. Photomultiplier tubes.- 3.4.3 CCD cameras.- 3.5 Photodetectors with the internal photoeffect.- 3.5.1 Photoconductors.- 3.5.2 Junction photodetectors.- 3.6 Luminescence quantum counters.- 3.7 Photoionization chambers.- 3.8 Chemical photodetectors.- 3.8.1 Requirements to well-established actinometers.- 3.8.2 Basic advantages of actinometers.- 3.8.3 Primary and secondary photochemical processes. Quantum yields of the gas-phase photoprocesses.- 3.8.4. Photoprocesses in condensed phase.- 3.8.5 Gas-phase actinometers.- 3.8.6 Liquid-phase actinometers.- Problems.- References..- Chapter 4. Methods of absolute calibration for photodetectors and light sources.- 4.1 General.- 4.2 Calibration by means of standard detectors.- 4.2.1 The visible and near UV spectral range.- 4.2.2 The vacuum UV spectral range.- 4.3 Calibration by means of standard sources.- 4.3.1 Photodetector calibration by means of resonance lamps.- 4.3.2 Photodetector calibration by means of strip lamps.- 4.4 Absolute intensity measurements of light sources used in experiments.- 4.4.1 The visible and near UV spectral range.- 4.4.2 The vacuum UV spectral range.- Problems.- References.- Chapter 5 Methods of calibration of spectral instruments in arbitrary units.- 5.1 General.- 5.2 Sensitivity calibration by using calibrated strip and quartz tungsten-halogen lamps for spectrometer/photodetector systems.- 5.3 Sensitivity calibration for spectrometer/photodetector systems in the UV spectral range.- 5.4 Calibration for lens (condenser)/spectrometer/photodetector system.- 5.4.1 The lay-out impact on the spectral sensitivity function.- 5.5 Sensitivity calibration for spectrometer/photodetector systems in the VUV spectral range.- 5.5.1 Extended hydrogen (deuterium) lamp.- 5.5.2 Сollapsible extended hydrogen discharge lamp.- 5.5.3. Branching ratio methods.- 5.5.4. Double monochromator methods.- 5.6 Sensitivity calibration for spectrometer/photodetector systems by means of well-known spectra.- 5.7 Calibration for spectral transmittance of spectral device.- Problems.- References.- Chapter 6. Absolute measurements of spectral radiation intensity of processes under study.- 6.1 General.- 6.2 Absolute intensity measurements from point source, illuminating sphere, and illuminating plane.- 6.2.1 Point source and uniform illuminating sphere.- 6.2.2 Uniform illuminating plane.- 6.3 Absolute calibration of registration systems by means of well-known photoprocesses.- 6.3.1 Calibration by means of Rayleigh scattering.- 6.3.2 Calibration by means of photoluminescence.- 6.3.3 Absolute measurements of spectral radiation intensity of the uniform illuminating cylinder.- 6.4 Absolute calibration of spectrometer/photodetector systems6.- Problems.- Referencies.- Solution of the problems.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Abbreviation.- List of symbols.- Index.