Process Plant Design

ISBN-13: 9781119689911 / Angielski / Miękka / 2023 / 600 str.

Robin Smith

Spis treści

PrefaceAcknowledgementsNomenclatureChapter 1 Execution of Chemical Process Projects1.1 The Process Design Problem1.2 Continuous and Batch Processes1.3 New Design and Retrofit1.4 Hazard Management in Process Design1.5 Project Phases1.6 Chemical Process Projects - SummaryReferencesChapter 2 Process Economics2.1 Capital Cost Estimates2.2 Class 5 Capital Cost Estimates2.3 Class 4 Capital Cost Estimates2.4 Class 3 to Class 1 Capital Cost Estimates2.5 Capital Cost for Retrofit2.6 Annulalized Capital Cost2.7 Operating Cost2.8 Economic Evaluation2.9 Investment Criteria2.10 Process Economics - Summary2.11 ExercisesReferencesChapter 3 Development of Process Design Concepts3.1 Formulation of Design Problems3.2 Evaluation of Design Performance3.3 Optimization of Performance3.4 Approaches to the Development of Design Concepts3.5 Screening of Design Options3.6 Influencing the Design as the Project Progresses3.7 Development of Process Design Concepts - SummaryReferencesChapter 4 Heating Utilities4.1 Process Heating and Cooling4.2 Steam Heating4.3 Water Treatment for Steam Generation4.4 Steam Generation from the Combustion of Fuels4.5 Steam Generation from Electrical Energy4.6 Gas Turbines4.7 Steam Turbines4.8 Steam Distribution4.9 Steam Heating Limits4.10 Fired Heaters4.11 Other Heat Carriers4.12 Heating Utilities - Summary4.13 ExercisesReferencesChapter 5 Cooling Utilities5.1 Waste Heat Steam Generation5.2 Once Through Cooling Water Systems5.3 Recirculating Cooling Water Systems5.4 Air Coolers5.5 Refrigeration5.6 Choice of Single Component Refrigerant for Compression Refrigeration5.7 Mixed Refrigerants for Compression Refrigeration5.8 Absorption Refrigeration5.9 Indirect Refrigeration5.10 Cooling Utilities - Summary5.11 ExercisesReferencesChapter 6 Waste Treatment6.1 Aqueous Emissions6.2 Primary Wastewater Treatment Processes6.3 Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes6.4 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment Processes6.5 Atmospheric Emissions6.6 Treatment of Solid Particulate Emissions to Atmosphere6.7 Treatment of VOC Emissions to Atmosphere6.8 Treatment of Sulfur Emissions to Atmosphere6.9 Treatment of Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions to Atmosphere6.10 Treatment of Combustion Emissions to Atmosphere6.11 Atmospheric Dispersion6.12 Waste Treatment - Summary6.13 ExercisesReferencesChapter 7 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability Concepts7.1 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability7.2 Reliability7.3 Repairable and Non-repairable Systems7.4 Reliability Data7.5 Maintainability7.6 Availability7.7 Process Shutdown for Maintenance7.8 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability - Summary7.9 ExercisesReferencesChapter 8 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability of Process Systems8.1 System Representation8.2 Reliability of Series Systems8.3 Reliability of Parallel Systems8.4 Availability of Parallel Systems8.5 Availability of Series Systems8.6 Redundancy8.7 k-out-of-n Systems8.8 Common Mode Failure8.9 Capacity8.10 Reliability, Availability and Capacity8.11 Monte Carlo Simulation8.12 Reliability, Maintainability and Availability of Process Systems - Summary8.13 ExercisesReferencesChapter 9 Storage Tanks9.1 Feed, Intermediate and Product Storage9.2 Intermediate (Buffer) Storage and Process Availability9.3 Optimization of Intermediate Storage9.4 Storage Tanks - Summary9.5 ExercisesReferencesChapter 10 Process Control Concepts10.1 Control Objectives10.2 The Control Loop10.3 Measurement10.4 Control Signals10.5 The Controller10.6 Final Control Element10.7 Feedback Control10.8 Cascade Control10.9 Split Range Control10.10 Limit and Selector10.11 Feedforward Control10.12 Ratio Control10.13 Computer Control Systems10.14 Digital Control10.15 Safety Instrumented Systems10.16 Alarms and Trips10.17 Representation of Control Systems10.18 Process Control Concepts - Summary10.19 ExercisesReferencesChapter 11 Process Control - Flowrate and Inventory Control11.1 Flowrate Control11.2 Inventory Control of Individual Operations11.3 Inventory Control of Series Systems11.4 Inventory Control of Recycle Systems11.5 Flowrate and Inventory Control - Summary11.6 ExercisesReferencesChapter 12 Process Control - Degrees of Freedom12.1 Degrees of Freedom and Process Control12.2 Control Degrees of Freedom for Individual Operations12.3 Individual Single Phase Operations12.4 Heat Transfer Operations With No Phase Change12.5 Pumps and Compressors12.6 Equilibrated Multiphase Operations12.7 Control Degrees of Freedom for Overall Processes12.8 Degrees of Freedom - Summary12.9 ExercisesReferencesChapter 13 Process Control - Control of Process Operations13.1 Pump Control13.2 Compressor Control13.3 Heat Exchanger Control13.4 Furnace Control13.5 Flash Drum Control13.6 Absorber and Stripper Control13.7 Distillation Control13.8 Reactor Control13.9 Control of Process Operations - Summary13.10 ExercisesReferencesChapter 14 Process Control - Overall Process Control14.1 Illustrative Example of Overall Process Control Systems14.2 Synthesis of Overall Process Control Schemes14.3 Procedure for the Synthesis of Overall Process Control Schemes14.4 Evolution of the Control Design14.5 Process Dynamics14.6 Overall Process Control - Summary14.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 15 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Piping and Pressure Relief15.1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams15.2 Piping Systems15.3 Pressure Relief15.4 Relief Device Arrangements15.5 Reliability of Pressure Relief Devices15.6 Location of Relief Devices15.7 P&ID Piping and Pressure Relief - Summary15.8 ExercisesReferencesChapter 16 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Process Operations16.1 Pumps16.2 Compressors16.3 Heat Exchangers16.4 Distillation16.5 Liquid Storage16.6 P&ID Process Operations - Summary16.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 17 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams - Construction17.1 Development of Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams17.2 A Case Study17.3 P&ID Construction - SummaryReferencesChapter 18 Materials of Construction18.1 Mechanical Properties18.2 Corrosion18.3 Corrosion Allowance18.4 Commonly Used Materials of Construction18.5 Criteria for Selection of Materials of Construction18.6 Materials of Construction - SummaryReferencesChapter 19 Mechanical Design19.1 Stress, Strain and Deformation19.2 Combined Stresses19.3 Spherical Vessels Under Internal Pressure19.4 Cylindrical Vessels Under Internal Pressure19.5 Design of Heads for Cylindrical Vessels Under Internal Pressure19.6 Design of Vertical Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Under Internal Pressure19.7 Design of Horizontal Cylindrical Pressure Vessels Under Internal Pressure19.8 Buckling of Cylindrical Vessels Due to External Pressure and Axial Compression19.9 Welded and Bolted Joints19.10 Opening Reinforcements19.11 Vessel Supports19.12 Design of Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels19.13 Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers19.14 Mechanical Design -- Summary19.15 ExercisesReferencesChapter 20 Process Plant Layout - Site Layout20.1 Site, Process and Equipment Layout20.2 Separation Distances20.3 Separation for Vapor Cloud Explosions20.4 Separation for Toxic Emissions20.5 Site Access20.6 Site Topology, Groundwater and Drainage20.7 Geotechnical Engineering20.8 Atmospheric Discharges20.9 Wind Direction20.10 Utilities20.11 Process Units20.12 Control Room20.13 Ancillary Buildings20.14 Pipe Racks20.15 Constraints on Site Layout20.16 The Final Site Layout20.17 Site Layout . SummaryReferencesChapter 21 Process Plant Layout - Process Layout21.1 Process Access21.2 Process Structures21.3 Hazards21.4 Preliminary Process Layout21.5 Example - Preliminary Process Layout21.6 Process Layout - Summary21.7 ExercisesReferencesAppendix A - Weibull Reliability FunctionAppendix B - MTTF for the Weibull DistributionAppendix C - Reliability of Cold Standby SystemsAppendix D - Corrosion Resistance TableAppendix E - Moment of Inertia and Bending Stress for Common Beam Cross SectionsE.1 Solid Rectangular Cross SectionE.2 Hollow Rectangular Cross SectionF.3 Solid Circular CylinderF.4 Hollow Circular Cross SectionF.5 Approximate Expressions for Thin-Walled CylindersAppendix F - First Moment of Area and Shear Stress for Common Beam Cross SectionsF.1 Solid Rectangular Cross SectionF.2 Hollow Rectangular Cross SectionF.3 Solid Circular Cross SectionF.3 Hollow Circular Cross SectionsAppendix G - Principal StressesAppendix H - Dimensions and Weights of Carbon Steel PipesAppendix I - Bending Stress on Horizontal Cylindrical Vessels Resulting from the Hydraulic HeadAppendix J - Equivalent Cylinder Approximation

O autorze

Professor Robin Smith is Head of the Centre for Process Integration within the School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science at the University of Manchester, UK. He is also Chief Executive Officer of Process Integration Limited, which provides software and consultancy to chemical, oil, gas, and petroleum industries. He has extensive industrial experience with Rohm & Haas in process investigation, production, and process design, as well as acting extensively as a consultant in process integration projects.