Principles and Applications of Mass Transfer: The Design of Separation Processes for Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

ISBN-13: 9781119785248 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 656 str.

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Preface to the Fourth Edition xviiPreface to the Third Edition xixPreface to the Second Edition xxiPreface to the First Edition xxiiiNomenclature xxv1. Fundamentals of Mass Transfer 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Molecular Mass Transfer 31.2.1 Concentrations 41.2.2 Velocities and Fluxes 101.2.3 The Maxwell-Stefan Relations 121.2.4 Fick's First Law for Binary Mixtures 151.3 The Diffusion Coefficient 161.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients for Binary Ideal Gas Systems 171.3.2 Diffusion Coefficients for Dilute Liquids 221.3.3 Diffusion Coefficients for Concentrated Liquids 261.3.4 Effective Diffusivities in Multi component Mixtures 281.4 Steady-state Molecular Diffusion in Fluids 341.4.1 Molar Flux and the Equation of Continuity 341.4.2 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Gases 351.4.3 Steady-State Molecular Diffusion in Liquids 471.5 Steady-state Diffusion in Solids 501.5.1Steady-State Binary Molecular Diffusion in Porous Solids 511.5.2 Knudsen Diffusion in Porous Solids 521.5.3 Hydrodynamic Flow of Gases in Porous Solids 551.5.4"DustyGas"Model for Multi component Diffusion 571.6 Transient Molecular Diffusion in Solids 581.7 Diffusion with Homogeneous Chemical Reaction 621.8 Analogies Among Molecular Transfer Phenomena 66Problems 68References 83Appendix 1.1 84Appendix 1.2 85Appendix 1.3 86Appendix 1.4 892. Convective Mass Transfer 912.1 Introduction 912.2 Mass-transfer Coefficients 922.2.1 Diffusion of A Through Stagnant B (NB=0,PsiA=1) 922.2.2 Equimolar Counter diffusion (NB=-NA,PsiA=undefined) 952.3 Dimensional Analysis 962.3.1 The Buckingham Method 972.4 Flow Past Flat Plate in Laminar Flow; Boundary Layer Theory 1012.5 Mass- and Heat-transfer Analogies 1082.6 Convective Mass-transfer Correlations 1162.6.1 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Flat Plates 1162.6.2 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for a Single Sphere 1182.6.3 Mass-Transfer Coefficients for Single Cylinders 1222.6.4 Turbulent Flow in Circular Pipes 1222.6.5 Mass Transfer in Packed and Fluidized Beds 1282.6.6 Mass Transfer in Hollow-Fiber Membrane Modules1302.7Multi component Mass-transfer Coefficients 133Problems 135References 149Appendix 2.1 152Appendix 2.2 1533. Interphase Mass Transfer 1553.1Introduction 1553.2 Equilibrium Considerations in Chemical and Biochemical Systems 1553.2.1 Chemical Phase Equilibria 1563.2.2 Biochemical Equilibrium Concepts (Seaderetal.,2011) 1603.3 Diffusion Between Phases 1663.3.1 Two-Resistance Theory 1663.3.2 Overall Mass-Transfer Coefficients 1683.3.3 Local Mass-Transfer Coefficients: General Case 1723.4 Material Balances 1803.4.1 Counter current Flow 1803.4.2 Co current Flow 1943.4.3 Batch Processes 1953.5 Equilibrium-stage Operations 196Problems 204References 216Appendix 3.1 217Appendix 3.2 218Appendix 3.3 219Appendix 3.4 220Appendix 3.5 2214. Equipment for Gas-liquid Mass-transfer Operations 2254.1 Introduction 2254.2 Gas-liquid Operations :Liquid Dispersed 2254.2.1 Types of Packing 2264.2.2 Liquid Distribution 2294.2.3 Liquid Holdup 2304.2.4 Pressure Drop 2374.2.5 Mass-Transfer Coefficients 2394.3 Gas-liquid Operations : Gas Dispersed 2434.3.1 Sparged Vessels (Bubble Columns) 2444.3.2 Tray Towers 2494.3.3 Tray Diameter 2524.3.4 Tray Gas-Pressure Drop 2554.3.5 Weeping and Entrainment 2574.3.6 Tray Efficiency 258Problems 264References 2745. Absorption and Stripping 2775.1 Introduction 2775.2 Counter current Multi stage Equipment 2785.2.1 Graphical Determination of the Number of IdealTrays 2785.2.2 Tray Efficiencies and Real Traysby Graphical Methods 2795.2.3 Dilute Mixtures2795.3 Counter current Continuous-contact Equipment2855.3.1 Dilute Solutions; Henry's Law2905.4 Thermal Effects During Absorption and Stripping 2925.4.1 Adiabatic Operation of a Packed-Bed Absorber 296Problems 300References 311Appendix 5.1 3126. Distillation 3156.1Introduction 3156.2 Single-stage Operation--flash Vaporization 3166.3 DifferentialDistillation3206.4ContinuousRectification--binarySystems3226.5 Mc CABE-Thiele method for trayed towers3246.5.1 Rectifying Section 3256.5.2 Stripping Section 3266.5.3 Feed Stage 3286.5.4 Number of Equilibrium Stages and Feed-Stage Location 3306.5.5 Limiting Conditions 3326.5.6 Optimum Reflux Ratio 3336.5.7 Large Number of Stages 3396.5.8 Use of Open Steam 3426.5.9 Tray Efficiencies 3436.6 Binary Distillation in Packed Towers3506.7 Multi component Distillation 3546.8 Fenske-underwood-Gillil and Method 3576.8.1 Total Reflux : Fenske Equation 3576.8.2 Minimum Reflux : Underwood Equations 3616.8.3 Gillil and Correlation for Number of Stages at Finite Reflux 3666.9 Rigorous Calculation Procedures for Multi component Distillation 3686.9.1 Equilibrium Stage Model3686.9.2 Non equilibrium, Rate-Based Model 3706.10 Batch Distillation 3716.10.1 Binary Batch Distillation with Constant Reflux 3726.10.2 Batch Distillation with Constant Distillate Composition 3756.10.3 Multicomponent Batch Distillation 377Problems 378References 389Appendix 6.1 390Appendix 6.2 391Appendix 6.3 3927. Liquid-liquid Extraction 3937.1 Introduction 3937.2 Liquid Equilibria 3947.3 Stage wise Liquid-liquid Extraction 3997.3.1 Single-Stage Extraction 4007.3.2 Multistage Crosscurrent Extraction 4037.3.3 Counter current Extraction Cascades4 047.3.4 Insoluble Liquids 4097.3.5 Continuous Countercurrent Extraction with Reflux 4127.4 Equipment for Liquid-liquid Extraction 4197.4.1Mixer-Settler Cascades 4197.4.2 Multi compartment Columns 4287. Liquid-liquid Extraction of Bio products 430Problems 437References 4468. Humidification Operations4478.1 Introduction 4478.2 Equilibrium Considerations 4488.2.1 Saturated Gas-Vapor Mixtures 4488.2.2 Unsaturated Gas-Vapor Mixtures 4518.2.3 Adiabatic-Saturation Curves 4528.2.4 Wet-Bulb Temperature 4548.3 Adiabatic Gas-liquid Contact Operations 4578.3.1 Fundamental Relationships 4588.3.2 Water Cooling with Air 4608.3.3 Dehumidification of Air-Water Vapor 466Problems 468References 472Appendix 8.1 473Appendix 8.2 4749. Membranes and other Solid: Sorption Agents 4779.1 Introduction 4779.2 Mass Transfer in Membranes 4789.2.1 Solution-Diffusion for Liquid Mixtures4799.2.2 Solution-Diffusionfor Gas Mixtures 4819.2.3 Module Flow Patterns 4849.3 Equilibrium Considerations in Porous Sorbents 4899.3.1 Adsorption and Chromatography Equilibria 4899.3.2 Ion-Exchange Equilibria 4949.4 Mass Transfer in Fixed Beds of Porous Sorbents 4979.4.1 Basic Equations for Adsorption 4999.4.2 Linear Isotherm 5009.4.3 Langmuir Isotherm 5019.4.4 Length of Unused Bed 5059.4.5 Mass-Transfer Rates in Ion Exchangers5069.4.6 Mass-Transfer Rates in Chromatographic Separations5079.4.7 Electrophoresis 5109.5 Applications of Membrane-separation Processes5129.5.1 Dialysis 5139.5.2 Reverse Osmosis 5159.5.3 Gas Permeation 5189.5.4 Ultrafiltration and Microfiltration 5189.5.5 Bio separations 5229.6 Applications of Sorption-separation Processes524Problems 529References 535Appendix9.1 536Appendix 9.2 538Appendix 9.3 540Appendix 9.4 542Appendix 9.5 544Appendix 9.6 546Appendix 9.7 548Appendix A Binary Diffusion Coefficients 551Appendix B Lennard-Jones Constants 555Appendix C-1 Maxwell-Stefan Equations (Mathcad) 557Appendix C-2 Maxwell-Stefan Equations (Python) 559Appendix D-1 Packed-Column Design (Mathcad) 563Appendix D-2 Packed-Column Design (Python) 569Appendix E-1 Sieve-Tray Design (Mathcad) 573Appendix E-2 Sieve-Tray Design (Python) 579Appendix F-1 McCabe-Thiele Method : Saturated Liquid Feed(Mathcad) 583Appendix F-2 McCabe-Thiele Method : SaturatedLiquid Feed(Python) 587Appendix G-1 Single-Stage Extraction (Mathcad) 591Appendix G-2 Single-Stage Extraction (Python) 593Appendix G-3 Multi stage Crosscurrent Extraction (Mathcad) 595Appendix G-4 Multi stage Crosscurrent Extraction (Python) 598Appendix H Constants and Unit Conversions 601Index 603

O autorze

Jaime Benítez attended the School of Engineering of the University of Puerto Rico where he received a BS in Chemical Engineering in 1970 and a MS in Nuclear Engineering in 1972. He earned his PhD in Chemical and Environmental Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1976. That year, he joined the faculty of the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Puerto Rico where he taught continuously until 2014. He is now an adjunct lecturer at the University of Florida at Gainesville.