ISBN-13: 9781119100850 / Angielski / Twarda / 2019 / 480 str.
ISBN-13: 9781119100850 / Angielski / Twarda / 2019 / 480 str.
Acknowledgments xviiPreface xix1 Composition, Chemistry, and Regulatory Framework 11.1 Water Composition 11.2 Water Characteristics and Physical Properties 21.2.1 Solubility of Gases in Water 41.2.1.1 Nitrogen 41.2.2 Henry's Law 61.3 Solution Chemistry: Salts and Ions in Water 101.4 Disassociation Constants for Weak Acid and Bases 121.4.1 Common Minerals Dissolved in Freshwater and Seawater 151.5 Sources of Water 161.5.1 Groundwater 161.5.2 Groundwater Quality 171.5.3 Other Principal Contaminants in Groundwater 181.5.4 Movement of Groundwater 191.6 Analytical Methods 191.7 Laboratory Guidance 221.8 Regulatory Framework of Water Regulations 241.8.1 What Is Quality Water? 241.8.2 Water Quality Standards 251.8.3 Water Quality Standards in the United States 261.8.4 Establishing Water Quality Standards 261.8.5 Effluent Standards and Guidance 261.8.6 Mixing Zones 271.8.7 Discharge Permits 281.8.8 US Penalty Policies - Enforcement of Permit Conditions 281.8.9 Water Quality Discharge Basics in the US 291.8.10 How Water Quality Standards Are Established 321.8.11 UK Water Effluent Quality Standard 371.8.12 EU Water Quality Standards and Effluent Limits 391.8.13 Other Water Quality Requirements 401.8.13.1 US Primary and Secondary Drinking Water Standards 401.8.13.2 WHO Drinking Water Quality Guidelines 431.8.13.3 EU Drinking Water Directives 431.8.13.4 UK Drinking Water Standards 431.9 Water Use Data and Some Discharge Characteristics 431.9.1 Water Use by Municipalities 451.9.2 Agricultural Water 471.9.3 Cooling Water 471.9.4 Boiler Water 481.9.5 Other Industrial Water Quality Requirements 491.9.5.1 Steel Industry 501.9.5.2 Paper Industry 501.9.5.3 Petrochemical Industry 501.9.5.4 Petroleum Exploration and Production Operations 51Notes 522 What is Water Pollution? 592.1 Pollution Defined 592.2 Chemical Industry 602.3 Cooling Towers 632.4 Boilers 642.5 Iron and Steel Industry 662.6 Mining Industries 672.7 Fracking for Oil and Gas 682.8 Petroleum Exploration 712.9 Petroleum Refining 732.10 Agricultural and Food Processing 752.11 Crop Water Use 752.12 Vegetable and Fruit Processing 762.13 Animal Farming and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 772.14 Livestock and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 782.15 Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and Processing Wastes 822.16 Dairy Wastes 832.17 Measuring Pollution 832.18 The Sampling Plan 852.19 Analytical Methods and the Role of the Laboratory 872.19.1 The Analytical Plan 902.19.2 The Effects of Pollution on the Environment 902.19.3 Oxygen Depletion - Biochemical Oxygen Demand 912.19.4 Oxygen Uptake in a Stream --The Oxygen Sag Equation 932.19.5 Biology of Polluted Water 952.19.6 Nitrogen 962.19.7 Phosphorus 97Notes 983 Groundwater and its Treatment 1033.1 Hydraulics of Groundwater 1043.2 Soil Particles and Surface Areas 1063.3 Well Hydraulics 1073.4 Well Packing and Screens 1093.5 Trenches 1093.5.1 Orifices and Pipe Losses 1113.6 Compressible Flow 1133.6.1 Calculation of Expansion Factor 1143.6.2 Groundwater Hydraulics 1153.7 Groundwater Treatment 117Notes 1234 Statistics of Measurements 1254.1 Introduction to Statistical Measurements: Background 1254.2 Significant Figures 1264.3 Probable Error 1274.4 Repeat Measurements 1284.5 Net Process Measurements 1294.5.1 Calibration 1294.5.2 How to Measure Your Flow Accurately 1304.5.2.1 Gurley Current Meter 1304.6 Statistical Distributions for Environmental Events 1334.6.1 Weibull Distributions 1344.7 Black Swans and Data Analysis 1354.7.1 Black Swans 1354.7.2 Data Analysis 1364.7.3 Outliers 136Notes 1375 The Flow of Water and Wastewater 1395.1 Statistical Basis for Error Estimation 1395.2 Open Channel Hydraulics 1405.3 Froude Number 1475.4 Types of Flowmeters 1505.5 Weir Plates 1555.6 Alignment Errors 1565.7 Samples and Sampling 1585.8 Conclusion 161Notes 1616 Troubleshooting and Emergency Planning 1636.1 Fault Tree Analysis 1636.2 Reverse Fault Tree Analysis 1666.2.1 Bow Tie Analysis 1666.3 Analysis: The Five Whys 1686.4 Regulatory Requirements 1696.5 Software Solutions 1696.6 Emergency Response Planning 170Notes 1707 Chemistry and Analyses 1737.1 Aquatic Testing 1737.2 Bacterial Testing 1747.3 Dissolved Organic Materials - BOD, COD, and TOC 1757.3.1 BOD vs ThOD 1797.3.2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 1817.3.3 TOC 1837.4 Common Ion Species 1837.4.1 Most Important Chemicals in the Water Environment 1857.4.2 pH 1857.4.3 Carbonate Chemistry 1867.4.4 Alkalinity 1867.5 Hardness 1897.6 Chemical Water Softening 1927.6.1 Excess Lime Process 1937.7 Nitrogen 1947.8 Phosphorus 1977.9 Sulfur 1987.10 Chlorine 1987.11 Other Halogens 1997.12 Metals 1997.13 Solids 2017.14 Organic Chemicals 205Notes 2068 Basic Water and Wastewater Treatment Techniques 2098.1 Removal of Metals 2098.2 Chromium 2118.2.1 Other Chromium Reduction Reactions 2128.3 Arsenic 2138.4 Cadmium 2138.5 Iron 2148.6 Zinc 2148.7 Mercury 2148.8 Radium 2158.9 Anions 2188.9.1 Cyanide 2188.9.2 Nitrates and Nitrites 2198.10 Solvents and Oils 2208.11 Chlorinated Organics 2218.11.1 PCBs 2228.11.2 DDT 223Notes 2259 Biological Wastewater Treatment 2279.1 The Microbial World 2279.2 Order of Treatment 2339.3 Types of Organisms 2349.4 Chemistry and Activated Sludge 2389.5 Growth Conditions and Nitrification 2399.6 Denitrification and Phosphate Removal 2409.7 Biological Growth Equation 2419.7.1 The Monod Equation 2429.7.2 Microbial Decay 2439.7.3 Effect of Temperature and pH on Rate of Reactions 2459.8 Principles of Biological Treatment Systems 2459.9 Activated Sludge and its Variations 2489.10 Substrate Removal Definitions 2509.11 Trickling Filters and Variations 2529.12 Clarification for Biological Removals 2549.13 Other Solids Removals 2559.14 Biological Synthesis and Oxidation 2559.15 Biological Treatment of Toxic Wastes 2579.16 Modeling the Biological Process 2579.16.1 Modeling Notes Before One Starts 2589.16.2 Free Wastewater Treatment Modeling Platforms 2619.16.2.1 SSSP 2619.16.2.2 STEADY 2619.16.2.3 JASS 2629.16.2.4 Stoat 2629.16.3 Commercially Available Modeling Tools 2639.16.3.1 GPSX 2639.16.3.2 SUMO 2649.16.3.3 SIMBA 2659.16.3.4 Biowin 2679.16.3.5 WEST 2689.16.4 Modeling Summary 268Notes 27010 Anaerobic Treatment 27310.1 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Wastewater 27310.2 Phosphorus Removal 27510.3 Basic Anaerobic Processes for Digestion and Treatment 27610.4 Anaerobic Pretreatment 27810.5 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors 28110.6 Other Digester Configurations 28310.7 Siloxane Removals 28310.8 Sludge Digestion 28410.9 Gas Production Emphasis 28610.10 New Technologies 28710.11 Sludge Treatment 28810.12 Anaerobic Digester Model ADM1 28810.13 Struvite and Anaerobic Processes 289Notes 29011 Precipitation and Sedimentation 29311.1 Theory of Sedimentation 29311.2 Clarifiers and their Design 29411.2.1 Bulk Velocity - Surface Loading Rate 29411.2.2 Hydraulic Detention Time 29611.3 Lamellas and Specialty Devices 29811.3.1 Lamellas 29811.3.2 Membrane Filters 299Note 30112 Granular Filtration Theory and Practice 30312.1 Granular Media Filtration 30312.1.1 Sizing of Filters by Flow Rate 30312.1.2 Uniformity Coefficient and Effective Grain Size 30612.2 Filtration Hydraulics 30612.3 Particle Size Removals 30712.4 Backwash Hydraulics 30712.4.1 Use of Air in the Backwash of Granular Filtration Systems 310Notes 31213 Skin Filtration 31313.1 Introduction 31313.2 Microstrainers and Screens 31313.3 Belt Filters 31613.4 Plate and Frame Filters 31613.5 Cloth vs. Paper Filters 31913.6 Precoat 32013.7 Head Loss Through Cloth Filters 32213.8 Bag Filters 323Notes 32414 Membrane Filters and Reverse Osmosis 32514.1 Introduction 32514.2 Design Values 33014.3 Process Selection 33014.3.1 Ultrafiltration Membrane Selection 33014.3.2 Cellulose Acetate Membranes 33114.3.3 Polysulfone Membranes 33114.3.4 Polyamide Membranes 33114.3.5 Polyacrylonitrile Membranes 33114.3.6 Ultrafiltration Modules 33214.4 Reverse Osmosis 33314.5 Mass Transfer Theory 33314.6 Membrane Design Software 33414.7 Membrane Materials 33614.8 Membrane Configurations 33714.9 RO Design Considerations 33814.9.1 Feedwater Supply Considerations 33814.9.2 Pressure Pumping 33814.9.3 Membrane Considerations 34114.9.4 Post-treatment 34114.10 Design Parameters 341Notes 34415 Disinfection 34715.1 Introduction 34715.2 Rate of Kill - Disinfection Parameters 34715.2.1 Chick's Law 34715.2.2 Harmful Organisms 34815.3 Chlorine 35315.3.1 Ammonia, Chlorine, and Chloramines 35415.3.2 Other Types of Chlorine 35515.3.3 Other Reactions with Chlorine 35515.3.4 Chlorine Safety 35515.3.5 Chlorine Dioxide 35615.4 Ozone 35715.5 Ultraviolet Light 35815.5.1 LED Lighting 36015.6 Other Disinfecting Compounds 36015.6.1 Potassium Permanganate 36015.6.2 Hydrogen Peroxide and Ozone 36115.6.3 PAA: Peracetic Acid 36215.6.4 Bromine 36415.6.5 Iodine 36515.6.5.1 Types of Iodinators 36515.6.5.2 Careful Use of Iodine 36515.7 Disinfection by Ultra Filtration 366Notes 36716 Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal 36916.1 General 36916.2 BardenPho© Processes 37316.3 Chemical Phosphorus Removal 37516.4 Nitrogen Removal 37816.4.1 Nitrogen Chemistry and Forms 37816.4.2 Ammonia 37816.4.3 Nitrate 37916.4.4 Nitrification 37916.4.4.1 Ammonia Stripping 38816.4.4.2 Ion Exchange 39016.5 Conclusions 392Notes 39217 Carbon Adsorption 39517.1 Introduction 39517.2 The Freundlich and Langmuir Equations 39617.3 Carbon Adsorption Physical Coefficients and Economics 39717.4 Other Considerations 39717.4.1 Carbon Regeneration 39717.4.2 The PACT(TM) Process 39717.4.3 Wet Air Regeneration for PACT Systems 398Note 40118 Ion Exchange 40318.1 Resins 40318.2 Physical Characteristics 40318.3 Chemical Structure 40418.3.1 Selectivity 40418.3.2 Selectivity Coefficient 40518.4 Design Considerations 40618.4.1 Pretreatment 40619 Dissolved Air Flotation and Techniques 40919.1 Design Basics for DAF 40919.2 Operating Parameters 41019.3 Theory and Design 41119.4 Ranges of Data 41219.5 Electroflotation 41319.5.1 Electroflotation Theory and Design 41419.6 Electrocoagulation 415Notes 41620 Coagulation, Flocculation and Chemical Treatment 41920.1 Introduction 41920.2 Sols 42120.3 Flocculation and Mixing 42220.4 Practice 42320.5 Modeling 424Notes 42421 Heat Transfer Processes: Boilers, Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers 42521.1 Boilers 42521.2 Boiler Classifications 42621.2.1 Fire Tube Boilers 42621.2.2 Water Tube Boilers 42621.3 Boiler Water Quality Requirements 42721.4 Cooling Towers 430Notes 43122 Evaluating an Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant Design using Modeling Software 43322.1 Step 1: Information Gathering 43322.2 Step 2: Model Selection 43522.3 Step 3: Laboratory and Other Data Organization 43822.3.1 Generating the Flows Without the Data 43922.3.2 Getting the Hydraulics and the Tankage Correct 44022.3.2.1 When You Cannot Dye-test Your Tanks - a Procedure 44122.4 Step 4: Flow Sheet Setup and Model Organization 44322.5 Step 5: Model Compilation and Setup 44422.5.1 Initial Values versus Derived Values 44522.5.2 Integrator Settings 44522.6 Step 6: Input and Output File Preparation 44522.7 Step 7: Initialization of the Model Parameters and First Runs 44522.7.1 What to Balance or Adjust 44622.7.2 What to Key in on During Your Modeling 44622.8 Step 8: Parameter Adjustments 446Notes 447Index 449
DAVID L. RUSSELL, PE, is an environmental engineer with a background in consulting in the chemical Industry. He has over 50 years of experience including 9 years in the chemical industry for Hooker, IMC Chemical and Allied Chemicals. He was an instructor through the American Institute of Chemical Engineers where he taught courses in Practical Wastewater Treatment and Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Wastes. He also taught many courses in the Middle East.
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