BASICS OF MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUESIntroductionElectromagnetic SpectrumFundamentals of CrystallographyMolecular VibrationsMagnetism in SolidsOptical Properties of SolidsX-RAY DIFFRACTIONIntroductionBragg's LawVon Laue Treatment: Laue's EquationExperimental TechniquesGeometry and InstrumentationStadard X-Ray Diffraction PatternApplicationsExamples and IllustrationsRAMAN SPECTROSCOPYIntroductionInfrared and Raman SpectroscopyRaman Spectra: OriginClassical Theory of Raman ScatteringQuantum Theory of Raman SpectroscopyRaman SpectrometerResonance Raman SpectroscopySpecial TechniquesApplications and IllustrationsX-RAY SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUESX-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)MAGNETIC MEASUREMENTSIntroductionMagnetization Measuring InstrumentsAdvantages and Disadvantage of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)Susceptibility MeasurementExamples and IllustrationsDIELECTRIC MEASUREMENTSIntroductionPolarization and Dielectric ConstantMechanism for Colossal Dielectric ResponseFrequency Dependence of PolarizabilityClassification of Dielectric MaterialsDielectric Dispersion: A Brief DiscussionDielectric Loss and RelaxationComplex PermittivityPolarization Build UpJonscher's Universal LawExamples and IllustrationsELECTRON MICROSCOPYIntroductionGeneration of Electron BeamInteraction of Electron Beam with SampleInelastic Scattering and AbsorptionThe Family of Electron MicroscopesAtomic Force MicroscopyExamples and IllustrationsINFRARED SPECTROSCOPYIntroductionInstrumentation for FTIRFourier TransformElectromagnetic RadiationInfrared AbsorptionNormal Modes of VibrationComplicating FactorsApplications of IR Spectroscopy
Khalid Sultan is Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics of the Central University of Kashmir. His research interests are the rare earth transition metal oxide systems, characterized by electric, transport, dielectric, magnetic and X-ray measurements as well as by a variety of microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. Dr. Sultan has international collaborations with the Pohang Accelerator Lab and the Advanced Analysis Center of the Korea Institute of Technology.