Polymer Chemistry

ISBN-13: 9783642652950 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 652 str.

Bruno Vollmert; Edmund H. Immergut

Opis

There is, at present, no scarcity of polymer textbooks in the English language. Some of them attempt to cover the entire field, others focus their attention on certain parts of it, e.g., organic chemistry, physical chemistry, solid state physics, etc. This situation must necessarily raise the question, "Why publish another book?" and, even more, "Why translate a book which exists already in German?" and is to a lesser or greater extent legible and comprehensible to many English speaking scientists. It appears that a justification can be found in the special character of its content and presentation. As far as content is concerned, Vollmert's book is more encompassing than most existing treatises and, in this sense, almost represents a hybrid between a "textbook" and a "handbook." Numerous figures and tables convey directly a wealth of data. On the other hand, the text is designed to be educational and, in many instances, goes a long way to explain why certain properties are observed and why certain processes take place. These excursions into the intellectual clarification of somewhat complicated phenomena are a refreshing and unusual interruption of the main stream which presents synthesis, characteriza tion and properties of polymeric systems in the classical way."

Spis treści

1 General characterization.- 2 The macromolecular concept.- 3 Molecular weight and polymolecularity.- 4 Classification according to molecular size.- 5 Inorganic and organic polymers.- 6 Natural and synthetic macromolecules.- 1 Structural Principles.- 11 Chain structure, degree of polymerization.- 12 Copolymers.- 13 Branched and cross-linked polymers.- 14 Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures.- 2 Synthesis and Reactions of Macromolecular Compounds.- 21 Synthesis of macromolecules with C-C chains through polymerization of olefinic unsaturated compounds.- 211 Radical polymerization.- 2111 Chain initiation.- 2112 Chain propagation.- 2113 Chain termination.- 2114 Kinetics of radical polymerization.- 2115 Copolymerization.- 2116 Block— and graft-copolymers.- 2117 Techniques of radical polymerization.- 212 Ionic polymerization.- 2121 Ionic polymerization with quantitative dissociation of the initiator (stoichiometric polymerization).- 2122 Ionic polymerization with initiators which dissociate only partly.- 2123 Polymerization with hydride shift.- 2124 Techniques of ionic polymerization.- 213 Polymerization with complex catalyst systems.- 2131 Stereochemistry of vinyl polymers.- 2132 The mechanism of polymerization with complex initiators.- 214 Other methods for the synthesis of macromolecules with carbon-carbon chains.- 22 Synthesis of macromolecules with heteroatoms in the chain.- 221 Polycondensations and polyadditions.- 2211 Polyesters and polyamides.- 2212 Other polycondensations.- 2213 The technique of polycondensation.- 2214 Polyaddition.- 222 Polymers from heterocyclic compounds and formaldehyde.- 2221 Lactam polymerization with water.- 2222 The anionic polymerization of caprolactam.- 2223 The polymerization of N-carboxyl-amino acid anhydrides.- 2224 The polymerization of monoisocyanates.- 2225 The polymerization of cyclic ethers.- 2226 Polyformaldehyde.- 23 Enzymatic synthesis.- 231 Synthesis of polysaccharides.- 232 The enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids.- 2321 Structure of DNA.- 2322 Synthesis of DNA.- 2323 DNA as the carrier of genetic information.- 233 Enzymatic protein synthesis.- 234 The biosynthesis of natural rubber.- 24 The stepwise synthesis of proteins.- 241 The Merrifield Procedure.- 25 Graft-copolymers and block-copolymers.- 251 Synthesis of graft-copolymers.- 2511 Graft copolymerization by means of radicals.- 2512 Preparation of graft-copolymers with the aid of functional groups.- 2513 Graft-copolymers through copolymerization.- 252 Preparation of block-copolymers.- 26 Purification of polymers.- 27 Chemical transformation of polymers.- 271 Degradation reactions (chain scission).- 2711 Degradation from the chain ends (unzipping).- 2712 Statistical chain degradation (random scission).- 2713 Chain degradation through hydrolysis.- 272 Reactions without chain scission.- 2721 Aging phenomena.- 2722 The degradation of Polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidene chloride, and polyacrylonitrile at elevated temperature.- 2723 Reactions along the polymer chain.- 2724 Reactions at the chain end.- 3 The Properties of the Individual Macromolecule.- 31 Molecular weight.- 311 Polymer analogous conversion.- 312 Molecular weight determination.- 3121 The end group method331.- 3122 The osmotic method.- 3123 The light-scattering method.- 3124 Determination of the molecular weight through sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge and diffusion measurements.- 3125 Molecular weight determination by viscometry.- 313 Molecular weight distribution.- 3131 The distribution curve.- 3132 Determination of the distribution curve by means of fractional precipitation.- 3133 Other methods of fractionation.- 3134 Theoretical derivation of the distribution function (Schulz-Flory distribution).- 3135 Molecular weight averages.- 32 The form of the macromolecule (molecular shape).- 321 The ideal statistical coil (random coil).- 3211 The quantitative description of the statistical coil with the aid of random flight statistics.- 3212 The dependence of the coil diameter (Math)and the coil density on the molecular weight M.- 3213 The geometric shape of the coils.- 3214 The problem of solvent streaming through the coil (draining).- 322 The real statistical coil.- 3221 Space filling and energetic interaction.- 3222 Experimental determination of coil properties.- 4 States of Macromolecular Aggregation.- 41 Intermodular forces and aggregation (association).- 42 The macromolecular solution.- 421 The dissolution process.- 422 The dilute solution.- 423 The viscosity of dilute solutions.- 4231 The Einstein viscosity law for macromolecular solutions.- 4232 Viscosity changes resulting from density changes of the coils.- 424 Concentrated solutions and gels.- 4241 Dependence of the viscosity on the velocity (shear) gradient.- 43 The gel state.- 431 Character, properties, and significance of gels.- 4311 Plasticized Polyvinylchloride as a thermo-reversible secondary valence gel.- 4312 The mechanical properties of gels.- 4313 Characterization of gels.- 4314 The significance of gels in nature.- 432 Structure of supercritical solutions and gels.- 4321 The individual coil structure model (ICS model).- 4322 Deformation of gel and rubber.- 4323 Chain entanglement.- 4324 Incompatibility of polymer mixtures.- 44 The rubber-elastic state (viscoelasticity).- 441 Rubber-elasticity (viscoelasticity) of melts of macromolecular compounds.- 4411 Rubber-elasticity and relaxation.- 4412 Thermoplastic deformation.- 442 Rubber-elasticity of cross-linked polymers.- 4421 The elongation of rubber-elastic materials.- 4422 Rubber-elasticity — normal elasticity510.- 45 The solid state.- 451 The glassy state.- 4511 The mechanics of elastomers and glasses.- 452 The crystalline state.- 4521 Crystallization, chain-folding.- 4522 Morphological structures.- 4523 Spiral form of the chains (helix structure).- 4524 Fiber structure.- 4525 Cold drawing.- 4526 Morphological structures of natural polymers.- 4527 The fiber diagram.- 453 Structure and properties in the solid state.- 4531 Structure and softening temperature with glassy polymers.- 4532 Structure and properties of crystalline polymers.- 4533 The property combination: “hard and tough”.- 4534 Impact-resistant polymer blends.- 4535 Foams.