Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II

ISBN-13: 9783642744563 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 499 str.

Y. P. S. Bajaj

Opis

Genetic engineering through DNA recombinants and the in vitro manipulation of isolated protoplasts has recently attracted much atten tion in agricultural biotechnology, and has greatly advanced during the last 5 years. In an earlier book, Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineer ing I, methods for the isolation, fusion and culture of protoplasts were reviewed and the regeneration of complete plants from isolated pro toplasts of rice, potato, soybean, linseed, cabbage, chicory, lettuce, but terbur, orchids, citrus and some other tree species, and interspecific and intergeneric somatic hybrids in Lycopersicon, Petunia, Nicotiana, Solanum, Glycine, Citrus, Brassica, Medicago and Trifolium spp. were discussed. The present volume, Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II, deals with some of the newer techniques such as microinjections, elec trofusion, flow cytometry, uptake and integration of DNA, nuclei, iso lated chromosomes by plant protoplasts and the subsequent regeneration of transgenic plants. The literature on the DNA recombinants and genetic transformation, both Agrobacterium-mediated and direct gene transfer in agricultural crops and trees, such as poplars, is reviewed, and the uses of cytoplasts and miniprotoplasts in genetic manipulation are highlighted."

Spis treści

I Genetic Engineering and In Vitro Manipulation of Plant Cells — Technical Advances.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Somatic Hybrids and Cybrids.- 3 Recombinant DNA Technology and Transformation.- 4 Uptake and Incorporation of Organelles, Viruses, Bacteria, and Fungi by Protoplasts.- 5 Newer Techniques for Genetic Engineering.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- II Genetic Manipulation: Generative Versus Somatic.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Structure of a Plant Breeding Program.- 3 Construction and Isolation of a Desired Genotype.- 4 Reproductive Systems.- 5 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III Uptake and Integration of Exogenous DNA in Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 A Brief History of Plant Genetic Transformation.- 3 Uptake of Purified DNA by Seeds, Seedlings, and Plant Cells.- 4 Uptake of Purified DNA by Gametes.- 5 Uptake of Purified DNA by Protoplasts.- 6 Nature of Expression Vectors Used in Direct Gene Transfer.- 7 Integration of Foreign DNA Taken up by Protoplasts.- 8 Present Status and Conclusions.- References.- IV DNA Recombinants and Transformation of Agricultural Crops.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Agrobacterium System.- 3 Vector Systems.- 4 Transfer and Expression of Foreign DNA in Plant Cells.- 5 Use of Selectable Reporter Genes in Plant Cells.- 6 Plant Transformation Systems.- 7 Use of Reverse Genetics Techniques to Study Plant Gene Regulation.- 8 Variability of Transformed Plants.- 9 Conclusions.- References.- V Genetically Transformed Maize (Zea mays L.) Plants from Protoplasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Methodology and Experimental Results.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- VI Protoplast Culture and Transformation Studies on Rice.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Isolation and Culture of Rice Protoplasts.- 3 Recent Progress in Culture and Regeneration of Rice Protoplasts (1984–1987).- 4 Transformation of Rice Protoplasts by Spheroplast Treatment.- 5 Introduction and Expression of Foreign Genes in Gramineae Plants.- 6 Summary and Conclusion.- References.- VII Transformation in Potato.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Transformation Studies in Potato for Resistance to Phytophthora infestans.- 3 Techniques and Material Used for Transformation Studies.- 4 Results.- 5 Other Studies on Transformation in Potato.- 6 Significance of the Work and Its Prospects.- References.- VIII Transformation in Cotton.- 1 General Account.- 2 Transformation and Plant Regeneration in Cotton.- 3 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- IX Transformation in Populus spp..- 1 Introduction.- 2 Genetic Transformation of Populus.- 3 Conclusions.- References.- X Transformation in Vinca rosea L.: An Example of Spheroplast Method for Gene Transfer.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Techniques.- 3 Technical Problems in the Spheroplast Method.- 4 Mechanism of Introduction of Spheroplasts into Protoplasts.- 5 Introduction of E. coli Spheroplasts into Protoplasts.- 6 Summary and Conclusion.- References.- XI Transformation in Hyoscyamus.- 1 Introduction.- 2 In Vitro Transformation of Protoplast-Derived H. muticus Cells by A. tumefaciens.- 3 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- XII Genetic Manipulation in Brassica.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Protoplast Fusion.- 3 Transformation.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- XIII Direct Gene Transfer in Protoplasts of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia.- 1 Introduction.- 2 A Simple Chemical Procedure for the Stable Transformation of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Protoplasts.- 3 Stable Transformation of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by Electroporation.- 4 Transient Expression of a Foreign Gene Introduced by a PEG Treatment into Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Protoplasts.- 5 Discussion.- References.- XIV Microinjection of Cells and Protoplasts: Integration of Foreign DNA.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Techniques.- 3 Uptake and Integration of DNA.- 4 Future Directions.- 5 Protocol.- References.- XV Electrofusion: The Technique and Its Application to Somatic Hybridization.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biophysics of Electrofusion.- 3 Application of Electrofusion to Plant Protoplasts.- 4 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- XVI Versatile Apparatuses for Electrogene Mapping, Electrophoresis and Electrofusion.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Fundamental Theory and Physical Parameters in Electrophoresis.- 3 Versatile Apparatus for Electrophoresis Including Isoelectrofocusing.- 4 Highly Simplified Horizontal Electrophoretic Apparatus Including a Simple Power Supply.- 5 Protoplast Fusion by Electric Impulse Generated by the Simple Power Supply.- 6 Construction of a Versatile Apparatus for PFGE and Its Possible Application to “Electrogene Mapping”.- References.- XVII Chloroplast Genomes as Genetic Markers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chloroplast Genome and Its Properties.- 3 Chloroplast Genomes and Their Application as Genetic Markers.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- XVIII Flow Cytometric Analysis and Sorting of Somatic Hybrid and Transformed Protoplasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Flow Analysis and Sorting of Somatic Hybrid Protoplasts.- 3 Flow Analysis and Sorting of Transformed Protoplasts.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- XIX Isolation of Nuclei and Their Transplantation into Plant Protoplasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sources of Nuclei.- 3 Isolation Techniques.- 4 Isolation and Purification of Nuclei.- 5 Induction of Uptake of Nuclei by Protoplasts.- 6 Post Transplantation Events.- 7 Concluding Remarks.- 8 The Protocol for Isolation and Transplantation of Nuclei.- References.- XX Chromosome Transplantation and Applications of Flow Cytometry in Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Flow Cytometry and Its Application.- 3 Chromosome Isolation and Sorting.- 4 Characterization of Isolated, Flow-Sorted Chromosomes.- 5 Chromosome Transfer.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- XXI Transfer of Mitochondria Through Protoplast Fusion.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Selection Method of Formation of Daucus Cybrid Plants by Donor-Recipient Protoplast Fusion.- 3 Characterization of Putative Cybrid Plants.- 4 Restriction and Southern Analysis of mtDNA’s from Carrot Cybrids.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- XXII Incorporation of the Firefly Luciferase Gene into Plant Cells.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Firefly Luciferase.- 3 Expression of the CaMV 35S-Luciferase Chimeric Gene.- 4 Spatial Pattern of Gene Expression.- 5 Expression of Luciferase in Cultured Cells.- 6 Transient Expression Studies.- 7 Conclusions and Prospects.- 8 Protocol.- References.- XXIII Uptake of Viruses by Plant Protoplasts and Their Use as Transforming Agents.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chemical Methods for the Inoculation of Plant Protoplasts.- 3 Electrical and Physicochemical Methods for the Inoculation of Plant Protoplasts.- 4 Liposome Carriers for the Inoculation of Protoplasts.- 5 Efficiency of Inoculation Procedure.- 6 Virus Uptake and Transformation.- 7 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- XXIV Uptake of Fungal Protoplasts by Plant Protoplasts.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Protoplast Isolation.- 3 Initiation of Fusion Between Plant and Fungal Protoplasts.- 4 Prolonged Incubation of Plant-Fungal Protoplasts.- 5 The Fate of Plant-Fungal Protoplasts.- 6 Conclusions.- 7 Summary Protocol.- References.- XXV Chloroplast Uptake and Genetic Complementation.- 1 Chloroplast Uptake.- 2 The Preparation of Material.- 3 Genetic Complementation.- 4 A Summary — The Agronomic Potentials of Chloroplast Uptake.- 5 The Potential for the Uptake of Blue Green Algae.- 6 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- XXVI Cytoplasts: Isolation and Uses.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Cytoplasts.- 3 Uses of Cytoplasts.- 4 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- XXVII Vacuoles: Isolation, Purification, and Uses.- 1 Introduction.- 2 General Methods of Isolation.- 3 Purification Procedures.- 4 Isolation and Purification Scheme.- 5 Uses of Vacuoles.- 6 Conclusions.- References.- XXVIII Miniprotoplasts and Their Use in Genetic Engineering.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Types of Subprotoplasts.- 3 Methods for Fragmentation of Protoplasts.- 4 Characterization of Miniprotoplasts.- 5 Use and Significance of Miniprotoplasts in Cell Manipulation and Genetic Engineering.- 6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.