Physics of Thin-Film Photovoltaics

ISBN-13: 9781119651000 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 288 str.

Victor G. Karpov; Diana Shvydka

Spis treści

Preface xiPart I General and Thin Film PV 1I. Introduction to Thin Film PV 1A. The Origin of PV. Junctions 1B. Fundamental Material Requirements 3C. Charge Transport. Definition of Thin Film PV 4D. Distinctive Features of Thin Film PV 7References 11Part II One-Dimensional (1D) Diodes and PV 13II. 1D Diode 13A. Metal-Insulator-Metal Diode 13B. Schottky, Reach-Through, and Field-Compensation Diodes 191. Schottky Diode 192. Reach Through Diodes 213. Field Compensation Diode 23C. P-N Homo-Junctions 24D. Heterojunctions 26E. Other Relevant Types of Diodes 28F. Field Reversal Diode: A Counterintuitive Case 29G. Cat's Whisker Diode 30III. 1D Solar Cell 32A. 1D Solar Cell Base Model 32B. Numerical Modeling of 1D PV 381. Governing Equations 392. Device Model Parameters 403. Some Modeling Results 42IV. Photovoltaic Parameters 43A. Second-Level Parameters 44B. Practical Solar Cells and Third-Level Metrics 46C. Indicative Facts 49D. Phenomenological Interpretation. Ideal Diode with Other Circuitry Elements 52V. Case Study 54A. Field Reversal PV 541. Analytical Approach 552. Numerical Modeling of the Field Reversal Device Operations 60B. Miraculous Back Contact 68References 72Part III Beyond 1D: Lateral Effects in Thin Film PV 79VI. Examples of Multidimensional Numerical Modeling 79VII. Introduction to Random Multidimensional Phenomena 81VIII. Lateral Screening Length 84A. Shunt Screening 84B. Bias Screening 85C. Quantitative Approach and Linear Screening Regime 88IX. Schottky Barrier Nonuniformities 91X. Semi-Shunts 93XI. Random Diodes 96A. Weak Diodes 96B. Random Diode Arrays in Solar Cells 99C. Random Diode Arrays in PV Modules and Fields 105XII. Nonuniformity Observations 109A. Cell Level Observations 109B. Module Level Observations 118XIII. Nonuniformity Treatment 121References 125Part IV Electronic Processes in Materials of Thin Film PV 131XIV. Morphology, Fluctuations, and the Density of States 132A. The Materials of Thin Film PV are Fundamentally Different 132B. Noncrystalline Morphology 134C. Long Range Fluctuations of Potential Energy 136D. Random Potential in Very Thin Structures 139E. Numerical Estimates and Implications 142XV. Electronic Transport 144A. Band Transport in Random Potential 144B. Hopping Transport Through Thin Noncrystalline Films 1471. Hopping Between Ideal Electrodes 1492. Hopping Between Resistive Electrodes 1513. Critical Area and Mesoscopic Fluctuations 153XVI. Recombination in Quasi-Continuous Spectrum 155XVII. Noncrystalline Junctions 161XVIII. Piezo and Pyro-PV 164A. The Nature of Piezo-PV 164B. Piezo-PV Observations 169C. The Significance of Piezo-PV 171References 174Part V Electro-Thermal Instabilities in Thin Film PV 181XIX. The Two-Diode Model 182A. Linear Stability Analysis 183B. The Two-Diode Modeling: Numerical Estimates and Scaling 184XX. Distributed Diode Model 186A. Introduction 186B. Linear Stability Analysis 187XXI. Simplistic Numerical Modeling 188XXII. Spontaneous Hot Spots 190A. Introduction 190B. Observations 191C. Numerical Modeling 1951. Electrical Model 1952. Thermal Model 199D. Modeling Results 200E. Approximate Analytical Model 205XXIII. Related Work 207XXIV. Conclusions on the Electro-Thermal Instabilities in Thin Film PV 209References 210Part VI Degradation of Thin Film PV 213XXV. Thin Film vs Crystalline PV Degradation Processes 213XXVI. Observations 215A. Cell Degradation 216B. Module Degradation 222XXVII. Categories of Degradation 225A. General Categories 225B. Thin-Film PV Instabilities 2271. Shunting Instability 2272. Contact Delamination Instability 229XXVIII. Accelerated Life Testing 231A. Examples of Very Strong ALT: HALT 2321. EBIC HALT 2322. LBIC HALT 234B. Actuarial Approach to ALT 235C. Concluding Remarks on Degradation 236References 237Appendix. Some Methodological Aspects of Device Modeling 243Appendix A: Model of Series Connection 243Appendix B: The Diffusion Approximation 245Appendix C: Long Range Potential 2481. Point Changes 2482. Columnar Charges 251References 253Index 255

O autorze

Victor G Karpov, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Toledo in the USA, having received his doctorate from Leningrad Polytechnical Institute. With almost 40 years of teaching and industry experience, he has published nearly 200 scholarly papers and has numerous grants and awards to his credit.Diana Shvydka, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Radiation Oncology at the University of Toledo, having also received her doctorate from the University of Toledo. With almost 20 years of teaching and industry experience, she has published over 100 papers in scientific and technical journals and holds numerous patents.