Physics of Nonlinear Optics

ISBN-13: 9783030739812 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022

Y. V. G. S. Murti;C. Vijayan

Opis

The book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to upper-undergraduate students enrolled in physics. The first edition of this book was published in 2014. As there is a demand for the next edition, it is quite natural to take note of the several advances that have occurred in the subject over the past five years and to decide which of these are appropriate for inclusion at the textbook level, given the fundamental nature and the significance of the subject area. This is the prime motivation for bringing out a revised second edition. Among the newer mechanisms and materials, the book introduces the super-continuum generation, which arises from an excellent interplay of the various mechanisms of optical nonlinearity. The topics covered in this book are quantum mechanics of nonlinear interaction of matter and radiation, formalism and phenomenology of nonlinear wave mixing processes, optical phase conjugation and applications, self-focusing and self-phase modulation and their role in pulse modification, nonlinear absorption mechanisms, and optical limiting applications, photonic switching and bi-stability, and physical mechanisms leading to a nonlinear response in a variety of materials. This book has emerged from an attempt to address the requirement of presenting the subject at the college level. This textbook includes rigorous features such as the elucidation of relevant basic principles of physics; a clear exposition of the ideas involved at an appropriate level; coverage of the physical mechanisms of non-linearity; updates on physical mechanisms and emerging photonic materials and emphasis on the experimental study of nonlinear interactions. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in physics and related courses.

Spis treści

1 From Optics to Photonics

1.1 The Charm and Challenge of Modern Optics                                          

1.2 The Nature of Optical Non-linearity                                             

1.3 Overcoming the Materials Bottleneck

1.4 The Expanding Frontiers                                                 

1.5 Problems and Prospects

1.6 Explorations

 

2 A Phenomenological View of Nonlinear Optics

2.1 Optics in the Nonlinear World

2.1.1 Introduction

2.1.2 First Order Susceptibility

2.1.3 Second Order Susceptibility

2.1.4 Third Order Susceptibility

2.2 Time Domain Response

2.2.1 First Order Polarization- Time Domain Response

2.2.2 Second Order Polarization - Time Domain Response

2.3 Frequency Domain Response

2.3.1 First Order Susceptibility

2.3.2 Second Order Susceptibility

2.3.3 General Order (n) Susceptibility

2.4 The nth order polarization

2.5 Monochromatic Waves

2.6 Calculation of the Factor K

2.6.1 Optical Rectification

2.6.2 Second Harmonic Generation

2.6.3 Pockels Effect

2.6.4 Frequency Mixing : Sum and Difference Frequency generation

2.6.5 Third Harmonic Generation

2.6.6 Nondegenerate Four Wave Mixing

2.7 Explorations

 

3. Symmetry and Susceptibility

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Crystal Symmetry and Susceptibility Tensors

3.2.1 Neumann Principle

3.2.2 Symmetry of Second Order Susceptibility

3.2.3 Second Harmonic Generation

3.2.4 Kleinmann Symmetry

3.2.5 Symmetry of Third Order Susceptibility

3.3 The Dielectric Permittivity Tensor

3.4 The Refractive Index Ellipsoid

3.5 Explorations

4 Calculation of Non-linear Susceptibilities

4.1 Introduction

4.1.1 Physical Quantities in Quantum Physics

4.1.2 The Projection Operator

4.2 The Equation of Motion

4.3 Ensembles of Particles

4.4 Time-dependent Perturbation

4.5 Dipolar Interaction

4.6 First Order Density Matrix

4.7 Second Order Density Matrix

4.8 Third order Density Matrix

4.9 Double Integrals in the Expressions for the Density Matrix

4.10 Second Harmonic Susceptibility

4.11 Relaxation Effects

4.12 Applications to Color Centers

4.12.1 Third Order Susceptibility

4.12.3 Second Order Susceptibility

4.13. Explorations

 

5 Nonlinear Wave Mixing Processes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Elements of Electromagnetism

5.3 Travelling Electromagnetic Waves in Free Space

5.3.1 Energy Density in the Travelling Wave

5.4 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Linear Materials

5.5 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Nonlinear Materials

5.5.1 The Wave Equation

5.5.2 Energy Transfer Rate

5.6 Three Wave Mixing

5.6.1 An Approximation

5.7 Second Harmonic Generation

5.7.1 Phase Matching Schemes

5.7.2 Accurate Treatment of Second Harmonic Generation

5.8 Explorations

 

6 Optical Phase Conjugation and Bi-stability

6.1 Optical Phase Conjugation

6.1.1 Phase Conjugation as Time reversal

6.1.2 Phase Conjugation through Four-wave-mixing

6.1.3 Practical Realization

6.1.4 The Peculiar Properties of the Phase Conjugate Beam

6.1.5 The Grating Picture

6.1.6 Applications of Phase Conjugation

6.2 Optical Bi-stability and Photonic Switching

6.2.1 Refractive Index at High Intensities : An Overview

6.2.2. Fabry-Perot Etalon

6.2.2 Photonic Switching in a Nonlinear Fabry-Perot Etalon

6.3 Explorations

 

7 Self Focusing, Phase Modulation and Pulse Shaping

7.1 Self Focusing of Light

7.1.1 The Concept of Self Focusing

7.1.2 Self Trapping and Spatial Solitons

7.1.3 The z-Scan Experiment

7.1.4  Analysis of the z-scan trace

7.1.5 Measurement of Nonlinear Optical Absorption

7.1.6 Mechanisms of Nonlinear Absorption

7.2 Self Phase Modulation

7.3 Pulse Shaping and Optical Soliton Propagation

7.3.1 Solitary Waves and Optical Solitons

7.4 Explorations

 

8 Materials and Mechanisms

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Mechanisms of Non-linearity

8.2.1 Anharmonicity of Potential

8.2.2 Thermal Mechanism

8.2.3 Orientational Mechanism

8.2.4 Inelastic Photon Scattering

8.2.5 Photorefractivity

8.2.6 Saturable Absorption

8.2.7 Band Gap Distortion (Franz-Keldysh Effect)

8.2.8 Band filling Mechanism

8.2.9 Non-parabolicity of Bands

8.2.10 Delocalization of Electrons

8.3 A Perspective on Newer Materials and Mechanisms

8.3.1 Low Dimensional Materials

8.3.2 Photonic Bandgap Materials

8.3.3 Slowing of light and the effect on non-linearity

8.3.4  Super-continuum Generation

8.4 Explorations

 

9. Basics of Multi-photon Microscopy

9.1 Introduction

9.2. Techniques for Bio-imaging with High resolution

9.2.1 Fluorescence Microscopy

9.2.2  Confocal Scanning Microscopy

9.3. Multi-photon Microscopy with IR Laser Sources

9.3.1 Principles and Experimental Techniques

9.3.2 Fluorescent Labels in Microscopy

9.4  Use of Multiphoton Absorption in Quantum Dots

9.5 Outlook

9.6 Explorations

 

O autorze

Y.V.G.S. Murti is a former professor of Physics at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras and Guwahati, India. His principal domains are physics research, teaching, and technology applications of physics. Prof. Murti’s research areas are condensed matter, ionic transport phenomena, nonlinear optics and photonics, theoretical simulation of thermodynamics of point imperfections in crystalline materials, and classical and modern optics of materials. He established a school of research on photonics where he experimented on nonlinear wave mixing as well as on the theoretical evaluation of optical nonlinearities of color centers.

C. Vijayan has done his M.Sc. and Ph.D. in physics from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India. His early work includes solid-state transport phenomena and photonic memories. For the last two decades, he has been actively researching on nonlinear optical properties of novel materials. As a physics professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, he heads the photonics laboratory directing work on quantum confined materials and novel nanophotonic materials, including the ultrafast response of random media and two-dimensional structures. He has authored over 100 scientific papers in journals of repute. He is currently collaborating with several international research groups in the broad area of light-matter interaction.