Physical Chemistry of Inorganic Crystalline Solids

ISBN-13: 9783642712395 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 158 str.

Hugo F. Franzen

Opis

The field of Physical Chemistry has developed through the application of theories and concepts developed by physicists to properties or processes of interest to chemists. Physicists, being principally concerned with the basic ideas, have generally restricted their attention to the simplest systems to which the concepts applied, and the task of applying the techniques and theories to the myriad substances and processes that comprise chemistry has been that of the physical chemists. The field of Solid State Chemistry has developed with a major impetus from the synthetic chemists who prepared unusual, novel materials with the principal guid ing ideas growing out of an understanding of crystal structure and crystal structure relationships. The novel materials that pour forth from this chemical cornucopia cry out for further characterization and interpretation. The major techniques for the characterization and interpretation of crystalline solids have been developed in the fields of Solid State Physics and Crystallography. Thus, the need arose for expanding the realm of Physical Chemistry from its traditional concern with molecules and their properties and reactions to include the physics and chemistry of crystalline solids. This book deals with the applications of crystallography, group theory and thermodynamics to problems dealing with non molecular crystalline solids."

Spis treści

I. Introduction.- I.1 Motivation.- I.2 Brief Overview of Traditional Solid-State Concepts.- I.3 Models of Interactions in Solids.- I.4 Problems.- II. Space Lattice Symmetry.- II.1 Introduction.- II.2 Translational Periodicity.- II.3 Symmetries bf Plane Lattices.- II.4 Space Lattices from Stacking of Plane Lattices.- II.5 Problems.- III. Space Group Symmetry.- III.1 Introduction.- III.2 Proper and Improper Rotations.- III.3 Combination of Rotations and Translations.- III.4 Screw Axes and Glide Planes.- III.5 Combination of Symmetry Operations.- III.6 Problems.- IV. A Brief Sampling of Some Inorganic Structure Types.- IV. 1 Introduction.- IV.2 NaCl-Type.- IV.3 NbO-Structure.- IV.4 WC-Type.- IV.5 NiAs-Type.- IV.6 CsCl-Type.- IV.7 ZnS-Type.- IV.8 CaF2-Type.- IV.9 The ReO3 Structure.- IV.10 The Layered Dichalcides.- IV.11 Perovskite.- IV.12 ?-Al3O3.- IV.13 Rutile (TiO2).- IV.14 The W3O or A15 Structure.- IV.15 Metal-Rich Structures.- IV.16 Oxide Structures Based on ReO3.- IV.17 Problems.- V. Thermodynamics.- V.1 Introduction.- V.2 Basic Concepts and Assumptions.- V.3 The Gibbsian Equation for dU.- V.4 The Phase Rule.- V.5 Condition for Heterogeneous Equilibrium.- V.6 Components and Species, Chemical Equilibrium.- V.7 Some Equations of Use in the Consideration of Heterogeneous Equilibria….- V.8 Thermodynamics of Nonstoichiometry.- V.9 Stability and Instability with Respect to Disproportionation.- V.10 Thermodynamics of Defects.- V.11 Phase Diagrams.- V.12 Defect Ordering.- V.13 Problems.- VI. Reciprocal Space and Irreducible Representations of Space Groups.- VI.1 Introduction.- VI.2 Reciprocal Lattice.- VI.3 Reciprocal Space.- VI.4 Irreducible Representation of Space Groups.- VI.5 Problems.- VII. Second-Order Phase Transitions.- VII.1 Introduction.- VII.2 Thermodynamics of Second-Order Phase Transitions.- VII.3 Landau Theory (Without Symmetry).- VII.4 Landau Theory, With Consideration of Symmetry, Applied to the NiAs-Type to MnP-Type Phase Transition.- VII.5 General Development of the Landau Theory With Consideration of Symmetry.- VII.6 Landau’s 4th Condition.- VII.7 Problems.- VIII. Diffraction by Crystalline Solids.- VIII.1 Introduction.- VIII.2 Diffraction.- VIII.3 Miller Indices.- VIII.4 Structure Factor.- VIII.5 Extinctions.- VIII.6 Order-Disorder and Superstructure.- VIII.7 Incommensurate Ordered Superstructure.- VIII.8 Electron Density and Diffraction.- VIII.9 Problems.- IX. Order-Disorder Transition and Disordered Structures.- IX.1 Introduction.- IX.2 CsCl-Type to bcc-Type.- IX.3 CdCl2-Type to NaCl-Type.- IX.4 Incommensurate Ordering in Sc1-xS.- IX.5 CdI2-Type to NiAs-Type.- IX.6 Vacancy Ordering in a Few Defect NaCl-Type Solids.- IX.7 Vacancy Ordering in Defect Cr1-xS.- IX.8 The TimSn Intermediate Sulfides of Titanium.- IX.9 Shear Structures.- IX.10 Summary.- IX.11 Problems.- X. The Electronic Structure of Crystalline Solids.- X.1 Introduction.- X.2 Band Theory.- X.3 The Nearly Free Electron Model of Band Structure.- X.4 Conclusion.- X.5 Problems.- References.