Perspectives on Integrated Coastal Zone Management

ISBN-13: 9783642642593 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 386 str.

Wim Salomons; R. Kerry Turner; Luiz D. de Lacerda

Opis

All coastal areas are facing a growing range of stresses and shocks, the scale of which now poses threats to the resilience of both human and environmental coastal systems. Responsible agencies are seeking better ways of managing the causes and consequences of the environmental change process in coastal zones. This volume discusses the basic principles underpinning a more integrated approach to coastal management and highlights the obstacles that may be met in practice in both developed and developing countries. Successful strategies will have to encompass all the elements of management, from planning and design through financing and implementation, as highlighted in this book.

Spis treści

and Overview.- Coastal Management Principles and Practice.- References.- I Methodological Principles.- 1 Principles and Benefits of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Pressure-State-Impact-Response (P-S-I-R) Framework.- 1.3 The Elements of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).- 1.4 Establishing Priorities for Management Actions.- 1.5 Characterising the Benefits of ICZM.- 1.6 Demonstrating the Benefits of ICZM.- 1.6.1 Without ICZM.- 1.6.2 With ICZM.- 1.7 Steps in Estimating ICZM Net Benefits.- 1.8 Conclusions.- References.- 2 The Challenge of Demonstrating the Socio-economic Benefits of Integrated Coastal Management.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 The Coastal Development Context.- 2.3 The Challenge of Optimising the Economic and Social Benefits Derived from Maintaining the Flow of Goods and Services Supplied by Coastal Ecosystems.- 2.3.1 The Need to Move Away From Current Sectoral Management Approaches.- 2.3.2 The Need for Improved Information to Demonstrate the Benefits of Integrated Coastal Management.- 2.3.3 The Basis for Integration.- 2.4 Means of Meeting the Challenge.- 2.4.1 Valuing Coastal Ecosystems and their Role in Sustaining Human Activities.- 2.4.2 A Simple Conceptual Model for Illustrating Role of Coastal Ecosystems in Sustaining Human Activities.- 2.5 Multiple-use Management of Coastal Areas and Associated Ecosystems Utilising the Concept of Integrated Coastal Management.- 2.6 Conclusions.- References.- 3 Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Coastal Zone Regions: Using Natural Resource Accounts.- 3.1 The Need for a Comprehensive Framework to Represent Socio-economic Systems.- 3.2 Natural Resource Accounting.- 3.3 Using Natural Resource Accounts in Strategic Planning for Sustainable Development in Indonesia.- 3.4 Results of Scenario Analysis.- 3.5 Institutional Factors Critical to Successful Implementation of Natural Resource Accounts.- 3.6 Relevance of Natural Resource Accounting to ICZM.- References.- 4 Methods and Tools to Support CZM.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 The Approach.- 4.2.1 General.- 4.2.2 The Issues.- 4.2.3 The Process.- 4.2.4 The Actions.- 4.3 Active Involvement of Stakeholders.- 4.4 The Integration of Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects.- 4.4.1 General.- 4.4.2 Step 1: Driving Forces and Pressures.- 4.4.3 Step 2: The State of the Environment.- 4.4.4 Step 3: Impact and Response.- 4.5 Policy Instruments to Coordinate Administrative and Governance Initiatives at Various Levels and in Different Sectors.- 4.5.1 General.- 4.5.2 Institutional Arrangements.- 4.5.3 Financing.- 4.5.4 Monitoring.- 4.6 Technical Instruments to Support Administrative and Governance Initiatives at Various Levels and in Different Sectors.- 4.6.1 General.- 4.6.2 User Requirements.- 4.6.3 The LWI Concept.- 4.7 Human Resources Development and Technology Transfer.- 4.7.1 General.- 4.7.2 Scope of Technology Transfer.- 4.7.3 Phasing of Technology Transfer.- References.- 5 Chances for Nature — A Matter of Substitution.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Nature as a Common.- 5.3 Substitution of Natural Capital.- 5.3.1 Capital Stock Theory.- 5.4 Views on Nature.- 5.4.1 Conservation View.- 5.4.2 Functionality.- 5.4.3 Coevolution.- 5.5 Valuation Implications.- 5.6 Conclusions and Discussion.- References.- 6 The Role of Ecology in Coastal Zone Mangement: Perspectives from South-East Australia.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Decision-Making Against an Uncertain Background.- 6.2.1 Natural Ecological Systems.- 6.2.2 Temporal and Spatial Variation.- 6.2.3 Life-Histories and Scales of Management.- 6.3. Managerial Decisions as Experiments.- 6.3.1 Sewerage Outfalls on the Rocky Coast of New South Wales.- 6.3.2 Recreational Boating.- 6.3.3 Restoration of Wetlands.- 6.3.4 Marine Reserves and Intertidal Foraging for Bait and Food.- 6.4 Marginalization of Scientific Contributions in Australia.- 6.4.1 Biological Diversity and its Conservation.- 6.4.2 Reduction of Scientific Uncertainty for Managerial Decisions.- 6.5 Conclusions: Towards a New Scientific Social Contract.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 7 The Implications of Oceanographic Chaos for Coastal Management.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Water Currents.- 7.3 Suspended Sediment and Plankton.- 7.4 Turbidity and Seagrass.- 7.5 Coral, Fish and Prawn Larvae.- 7.6 Water Quality.- 7.7 River Plumes.- 7.8 Discussions.- 7.9 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- II Regional Practice and Experiences.- 8 Quality Status, Appropriate Monitoring and Legislation of the North Sea in Relation to its Assimilative Capacity.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The North Sea.- 8.2.1 Inputs and Outputs of Contaminants.- 8.2.2 Perceptions of the Health of the North Sea.- 8.3 Assimilative Capacity.- 8.3.1 Definitions.- 8.3.2 Quantification.- 8.3.3 For Individual Contaminants.- 8.3.4 A Resource of Economic Value.- 8.4 Chemical Versus Biological Monitoring of Assimilative Capacity.- 8.4.1 Chemical Monitoring.- 8.4.2 Biological Monitoring.- 8.4.3 An Integrated Approach to Monitoring.- 8.5 Environmentally Significant Pollutants.- 8.5.1 Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs).- 8.5.2 Organotins.- 8.6 Biological Evidence for Pollution Gradients in the North Sea.- 8.6.1 Gradients Related to Oil Rigs.- 8.6.2 Estuarine Inputs.- 8.6.3 Fish Embryo Abnormalities.- 8.6.4 UK East Coast Gradient.- 8.7 Biological and Ecological Quality Standards.- 8.8 Conclusions.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 9 Conservation and Management of Latin American Mangroves.- 9.1 Man and Mangroves in Pre-Columbian and Colonial America.- 9.2 Extent, Distribution and Composition of New World Mangroves.- 9.3 Mangrove Uses.- 9.4 Management of Mangrove Areas.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 10 Developing and Strategy for an ICZM in Cuba: Bases and Principles.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Coastal Ecosystems and their Main Problems.- 10.2.1 General Characteristics of the Cuban Platform.- 10.2.2 Main Coastal Ecosystems in Cuba.- 10.3 Coastal Protection: Precedents and Current Situation.- 10.3.1 Protection of Fisheries Resources.- 10.3.2 Scientific Research in Coastal Areas.- 10.3.3 Territorial Planning.- 10.3.4 Coastal Rehabilitation.- 10.3.5 Strengthening of the Institutional Basis.- 10.3.6 Improvement of the Legal Framework.- 10.3.7 International Activity.- 10.3.8 Facing the Climatic Changes.- 10.4 Final Objectives and Actions.- 10.5 Conclusions.- References.- 11 Coastal Zone Management in India — Problems, Practice and Requirements.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Indian Coastal Environment.- 11.3 Coastal Zone Problems in India.- 11.3.1 Population Pressure.- 11.3.2 Coastal Pollution.- 11.3.3 Coastal Environmental Degradation.- 11.3.4 Coastal Fisheries.- 11.3.5 Coastal Erosion.- 11.3.6 Conflicting Uses.- 11.3.7 Natural Hazards.- 11.4 Coastal Zone Management Initiatives in India.- 11.4.1 International Legal Instruments.- 11.4.2 National Legal Instruments.- 11.4.3 Coastal Regulation Zone Rule.- 11.5 Conservation Measures.- 11.5.1 Gulf of Mannar (Tamilnadu).- 11.5.2 Gulf of Kuchch (Gujarat).- 11.5.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands.- 11.6 Fisheries Management.- 11.7 Research and Development Programmes.- 11.8 Requirements in India.- 11.8.1 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan.- 11.8.2 An Agency for ICZM.- 11.9 Conclusions.- References.- 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Indonesia.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Status of Coastal Environment.- 12.3 Coastal Zone Problems in Indonesia.- 12.4 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Indonesia.- 12.5 Conclusions.- References.- 13 Coastal Zone Management: Issues and Initiatives in Small South Asian Nations.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Human Activities in the Coastal Zone.- 13.3 Coastal Zone Management in Bangladesh.- 13.3.1 Mangroves.- 13.3.2 Coral Reefs and Seagrass Ecosystems.- 13.3.3 Threats to the Coastal Environments.- 13.3.4 State Initiatives and Legislation.- 13.4 Coastal Zone Management in Maldives.- 13.4.1 Marine Resources and Exploitation.- 13.4.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments.- 13.4.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives.- 13.5 Coastal Zone Management in Sri Lanka.- 13.5.1 Coastal Marine Habitats.- 13.5.2 Environmental Threats to the Coastal Environments.- 13.5.3 Coastal Area Management Initiatives.- 13.6 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- III Case Studies.- 14 Tourist Development in the Costa Brava (Girona, Spain): A Quantification of Pressures on the Coastal Environment.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 The Development of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava.- 14.3 Environmental Impacts of the Tourist Industry in the Costa Brava.- 14.3.1 Environmental Pollution.- 14.3.2 Preservation of the Natural Heritage (Exploitation of Natural Resources).- 14.3.3 Preservation of the Natural Heritage (Physical occupation of the Territory).- 14.4 The Management Framework.- 14.5 Concluding Remarks: The Need of a More Integrated Approach.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 15 Australian Integrated Coastal Management: A Case Study of the Great Barrier Reef.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Australia’s National Coastal Zone Inquiry, 1993.- 15.3 Commonwealth (of Australia) Coastal Policy, 1995.- 15.4 The Great Barrier Reef.- 15.5 Management of the Great Barrier Reef.- 15.6 How Integrated is the Management of the Great Barrier Reef?.- References.- 16 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Venezuela: The Maracaibo System.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 General Description.- 16.3 Population Growth.- 16.4 Water Diversion and Impoundment.- 16.5 Pesticides and Industrial Wastes.- 16.6 Fisheries.- 16.7 Navigation.- 16.8 Oil Exploitation and Petrochemical Industries.- 16.9 Engineering Works.- 16.10 International Frame.- 16.11 The Nissos Amorgos Oil Spill.- 16.12 Outlook.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 17 Sustainable Developmental Planning in Ecologically Sensitive Dahanu Region on the West Coast of India.- 17.1 Introduction.- 17.2 Dahanu Region — Pressure, Response and Consequences.- 17.2.1 Land Use Changes.- 17.2.2 Changes in Aquatic Ecosystem.- 17.3 Conclusions and Recommendations.- 17.3.1 Dahanu Regional Plan.- 17.3.2 Protection and Preservation of Ecology.- 18 Management of Tokyo Bay.- 18.1 Introduction.- 18.1.1 Brief History.- 18.2 Analysis of Uses of Tokyo Bay and their Conflicts.- 18.2.1 Land Reclamation.- 18.2.2 Disposal of Solid Wastes.- 18.2.3 Living Marine Resources.- 18.2.4 Marine Transport.- 18.2.5 Liquid Waste Disposal and Water Quality.- 18.2.6 Water-based Recreation.- 18.3 Analysis of Costs and Benefits of Alternative Policies.- 18.3.1 Formulation of the Analysis.- 18.3.2 The Model for Analyzing Benefits.- 18.3.3 Recreational Demand Functions.- 18.3.4 Water Quality Model.- 16.3.5 Estimating Costs.- 18.3.6 Estimating Net Benefits.- 18.4 Discussion of the Institutional Structure for Management.- 18.4.1 New Institutional Arrangements for Management of Tokyo Bay.- 18.5 Epilogue.- 19 Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Sweden: Assessing Conflicts to Attain Sustainability.- 19.1 Context and Problems.- 19.2 Multiple Use and Conflicts.- 19.2.1 Fishing.- 19.2.2 Mariculture.- 19.2.3 Tourism and Recreation.- 19.2.4 Nature Conservation.- 19.2.5 Industry.- 19.2.6 Shipping and Navigation.- 19.2.7 Energy Use.- 19.3 Policy and Planning.- 19.3.1 Conceptual Framework.- 19.3.2 Guidelines for Implementation.- 19.3.3 The Commons.- 19.3.4 Governance.- 19.3.5 Integrated Management Process.- 19.4 Institutions and Environmental Legislation in Sweden.- 19.4.1 The Institutional Mechanism.- 19.4.2 Coastal Regulations in Sweden.- 19.5 Coastal Fisheries and Eutrophication: Sustainable Management Issues.- 19.5.1 Coastal Fisheries.- 19.5.2 Eutrophication.- 19.5.3 Coastal Management.- 19.6 Conclusions.- References.