Particulate Matter: Properties and Effects on Health

ISBN-13: 9781859961728 / Angielski / Twarda / 1999 / 212 str.

R. L. Maynard; Vyvyan Howard

Opis

Until recently, it was believed that the toxicological effects of air polluting particles could be eliminated by decreasing the mass of particles in the air. Recent epidemiological studies have proved this to be untrue. It may be that very small particles present in the air have more significance for toxic effects than the total mass of particles present. Studies in partical toxicology have undergone significant changes over the past 5 years, and Particulate Matter provides an up-to-date and comprehensive account of current knowledge in this area. It reviews physical and chemical properties of particulate matter, explains the health effect that particles can cause, and discusses how particles can be monitored. Future strategies for air quality control policies are also discussed. This new book provides an important review of this active and exciting research area.

Recenzje

"This book has invaluable trouble-shooting advice to guide a new user in this field. It is an essential guide, and an invaluable practical companion" Clinical Laboratory International, April 2000.; ; "This book provides and up-to-date and comprehensive

Spis treści

Abbreviations -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1. Introduction /Robert L. Maynard -- Physicochemical properties of particulates -- 2. Airborne particles and their effects on health /Anthony Seaton -- The lung and its defences -- Biological particles -- Mineral particles -- The pneumoconioses -- Lung cancer -- Ambient air pollution -- The lessons -- Further reading -- 3. Microscopy and the characterization of particles /Frederick D. Pooley and Milagros Galvez de Mille -- Introduction -- Sampling particulate aerosols for analysis -- Optical microscopic techniques -- Electron optical techniques -- Bulk analytical techniques -- Characteristics of particulate aerosols -- Aqueous soluble aerosols -- Organic soluble aerosol material -- Elemental carbonaceous material -- Insoluble inorganic aerosols -- Conclusions -- References -- 4. The physicochemical characterization of urban airborne particulate matter /Kelly A BeruBe, Timothy P. Jones, Ben J. Williamson, Roy J. Richards -- Introduction -- Trends in urban emissions -- Diesel exhaust particulates -- Carbon black particulates -- Physical characterization of airborne particulates -- Microscopy-based techniques -- Collection and preparation of DEP and CB -- Transmission electron microscopy -- Scanning electron microscopy -- Quantitative image analysis -- Chemical characterization of airborne particulates -- Analytical-based techniques -- Particle preparation for elemental analysis -- Electron probe X-ray microanalysis -- Inductively coupled plasma mass and atomic emission -- spectrometry -- Conclusions -- References -- 5. The structural and physical chemistry of nanoparticles /D.A Jefferson and E.E.M. Tilley -- Introduction -- The role of surface atoms -- The effect of surface reactivity -- Structures of metal nanoparticles -- Surface facetting -- Non close-packed nanoparticles -- The role of kinetics -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- Bulk-terminated nanoparticles - Ti02 -- Nanoparticles with anion vacancies - Ce02 -- Spinel oxides and cation vacancies - Fe304 -- Surface metallization of y-Al203 -- New structure types in W03 -- Conclusions -- References -- Biological and health effects -- 6. Lung deposition of diesel particulates /John McAughey -- Introduction -- Health effects -- Size distribution of ambient particles -- Source apportionment of ambient particles -- Particle number vs. particle mass distribution -- Vehicle emissions by particle size -- Lung dose of diesel particulate -- Basis of human lung deposition models -- Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract -- Mechanisms of particle deposition -- Efficiency of diesel particle deposition-assumptions for calculations -- Dose calculations -- Daily mass deposition -- Daily particle deposition (by number) -- Retention -- Conclusions -- References -- 7. The biological effects on lung epithelium of well-characterized fine particles /Roy J. Richards, Kelly A. BeruBe, Lisa Masek, Debbie Symons, Samantha A. Murphy -- Introduction -- Alveolar structure and cell response to toxicants -- Functions of alveolar cells -- Sequential cellular changes following alveolar damage -- Quantitative assessment of pulmonary damage -- Comparative bioreactivity of different particles -- Particle characterization -- Particle dose and administration -- Quantitative assessment of particle bioreactivity -- Subjective assessment of particle reactivity -- Distribution and fate of diesel exhaust particles -- Summary and comment -- References -- 8. The toxicology of ultrafine particles /Ken Donaldson, Vicki Stone, William MacNee -- The lung and particle defence -- Ultrafine particles -- Ultrafines and PM10 -- Adverse health effects of particles -- Toxicology of ultrafine particles -- Deposition -- Human studies -- Animal studies -- Inhalation studies with ultrafine particles at overload -- Non-overload studies -- Instillation studies -- In vitro studies on ultrafine particles -- The cellular /molecular mechanism of ultrafine particle toxicity -- Hygiene consequences of increased toxicity of ultrafine materials -- Conclusions on the toxicology of ultrafine particles -- References -- Monitoring and abatement -- 9. Sources and behaviour of atmospheric particulate matter /Roy M. Harrison -- Introduction -- Source apportionment of airborne particles -- Primary particulate matter -- Secondary particulate matter -- Receptor modelling of airborne particles -- The future -- References -- 10. UK research programme on the characterization of vehicle particulate emissions /Michael J. Davies -- Introduction -- Road vehicle exhaust particulates -- Initial vehicle /engine testing -- Test methodology -- Evaluation of test methods -- Initial results from vehicle /engine testing -- Sizing instrument investigation -- Scanning mobility particle sizer -- Quartz crystal microbalance -- Electrical low-pressure impactor -- Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) -- Anderson impactor (Mark III) -- Particulate dilution tunnel evaluation -- Particulate traps -- Conclusions -- Reference -- Future policy considerations -- 11. Air quality strategies with respect to particles /Martin Williams -- Introduction -- Air quality policy and health effects -- Mechanisms of effects of particles on health -- Measurement methods for particles -- Source apportionment -- The current policy position -- References -- Glossary -- Index.

O autorze

Department of Health, Skipton House, 80 London Road, London SE1 6LW, UK. Fetal and Infant Toxico-Pathology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZA, UK.