Particle Strength: Extreme Value Distributions in Fracture

ISBN-13: 9781119850939 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 400 str.

Cook

Spis treści

Preface xiAbbreviations and Symbols xiii1 Introduction to Particles and Particle Loading 11.1 Particle Failure and Human Activity 11.1.1 Particles as Structural Components 11.1.2 Particle Loading 41.1.3 Particles in Application 121.2 Particle Shapes and Sizes 141.3 Summary: Particle Loading and Shape 23References 242 Particles in Diametral Compression 292.1 Extensive and Intensive Mechanical Properties 292.2 Particle Behavior in Diametral Compression 332.2.1 Force-Displacement Observations 332.2.2 Force-Displacement Models 382.3 Stress Analyses of Diametral Compression 482.4 Impact Loading 602.5 Strength Observations 632.6 Strength Empirical Distribution Function 652.7 Outline of Particle Strengths 682.7.1 Individual Topics 682.7.2 Overall Themes 70References 723 Flaw Populations 813.1 Flaw Sizes and Strengths 813.2 Populations of Flaws and Strengths 843.2.1 Population Definitions 843.2.2 Population Examples 863.3 Samples of Flaws and Strengths 923.3.1 Sample Definitions 923.3.2 Sample Examples 963.4 Heavy-Tailed and Light-Tailed Populations 1033.5 Discussion and Summary 106References 1104 Strength Distributions 1134.1 Brittle Fracture Strengths 1134.1.1 Samples of Components 1134.1.2 Analysis of Sample Strength Distributions 1144.2 Sample Strength Distributions 1164.2.1 Sample Analysis Verification 1164.2.2 Sample Examples 1194.3 Discussion and Summary 125References 1305 Survey of Extended Component Strength Distributions 1335.1 Introduction 1335.2 Materials and Loading Survey 1345.2.1 Glass, Bending and Pressure Loading 1345.2.2 Alumina, Bending Loading 1355.2.3 Silicon Nitride, Bending Loading 1365.2.4 Porcelain, Bending Loading 1385.2.5 Silicon, Bending and Tension Loading 1405.2.6 Fibers, Tensile Loading 1415.2.7 Shells, Flexure Loading 1425.2.8 Columns, Compressive Loading 1445.2.9 Materials Survey Summary 1445.3 Size Effects 1485.3.1 Stochastic 1485.3.2 Deterministic 1535.3.3 Size Effect Summary 1595.4 Discussion and Summary 159References 1636 Survey of Particle Strength Distributions 1676.1 Introduction 1676.2 Materials Comparisons 1696.2.1 Alumina 1696.2.2 Quartz 1716.2.3 Limestone 1736.2.4 Rock 1746.2.5 Threshold perturbations 1756.3 Size Comparisons 1776.3.1 Small Particles 1776.3.2 Medium Particles 1806.3.3 Large Particles 1816.4 Summary and Discussion 182References 1867 Stochastic Scaling of Particle Strength Distributions 1897.1 Introduction 1897.2 Concave Stochastic Distributions 1937.2.1 Alumina 1937.2.2 Limestone 1947.2.3 Coral 1977.2.4 Quartz and Quartzite 1987.2.5 Basalt 2017.3 Sigmoidal Stochastic Distributions 2027.3.1 Fertilizer 2027.3.2 Glass 2077.4 Summary and Discussion 208References 2138 Case Study: Strength Evolution in Ceramic Particles 2158.1 Introduction 2158.2 Strength and Flaw Size Observations 2178.3 Strength and Flaw Size Analysis 2208.4 Summary and Discussion 222References 2309 Deterministic Scaling of Particle Strength Distributions 2339.1 Introduction 2339.2 Concave Deterministic Distributions 2379.2.1 Alumina 2379.2.2 Quartz 2389.2.3 Salt 2419.2.4 Rock 2429.2.5 Coal 2459.2.6 Coral 2469.3 Sigmoidal Deterministic Distributions 2489.3.1 Glass 2489.3.2 Rock 2529.4 Linear Deterministic Distributions 2539.4.1 Cement 2549.4.2 Ice 2579.5 Deterministic Strength and Flaw Size Analyses 2589.5.1 Linear Strength Distributions 2599.5.2 Concave Strength Distributions 2639.6 Summary and Discussion 265References 27010 Agglomerate Particle Strengths 27310.1 Introduction 27310.2 Pharmaceuticals 27610.2.1 Porosity 27710.2.2 Shape 28010.2.3 Distributions 28710.3 Foods 29010.4 Catalysts 29210.5 Discussion and Summary 294References 29711 Compliant Particles 30311.1 Introduction-Hydrogel Particles 30311.2 Deformation 30811.2.1 Axial 30811.2.2 Transverse 31011.3 Strength 31511.4 Summary and Discussion 317References 32212 Fracture Mechanics of Particle Strengths 32512.1 Introduction 32512.2 Uniform Loading 32712.2.1 Work and Elastic Energy 32712.2.2 Mechanical Energy and Surface Energy 32812.2.3 The Griffith Equation 32912.2.4 Configurational Forces: G and R 33112.3 Localized Loading 33212.3.1 Analysis 33212.3.2 Examples 33412.4 Spatially Varying Loading 33712.4.1 Stress-Intensity Factor and Toughness 33712.4.2 Crack at a Stressed Pore 33912.4.3 Crack at a Misfitting Inclusion 34112.4.4 Crack at an Anisotropic Grain or Sharp Contact 34712.5 Combined Loading 35012.5.1 Strength of Post-Threshold Flaws 35012.5.2 Strength of Sub-Threshold Flaws 35312.6 Long Cracks in Particles 35412.6.1 Polymer Discs 35412.6.2 Microcellulose Tablets 35812.6.3 Ductile-Brittle Transitions 35912.6.4 Agglomerate Compaction 36112.7 Discussion and Summary 363References 36613 Applications and Scaling of Particle Strengths 36913.1 Introduction 36913.2 Particle Crushing Energy 36913.3 Grinding Particle Reliability 37313.4 Mass Effects on Particle Strength 37613.5 Microstructural Effects on Particle Strength 38013.6 Discussion 388References 390Index 393

O autorze

Robert F. Cook, PhD, is a former NIST Fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, and an independent scientist. He was a 2008 recipient of a U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal for Scientific/Engineering Achievement and is the author of over 200 peer-reviewed publications and 16 patents.