Parametric Electronics: An Introduction

ISBN-13: 9783642679391 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 330 str.

K. -H L. Cherer; C. -D Brandt

Opis

In this chapter, first the parametric principle is illustrated by two simple examples, one mechanical and one electrical. Then the realization of time varying reactances is explained, followed by a short history of "parametric electronics." This survey demonstrates the importance of parametric circuits in the field of low-noise microwave electronics as well as explains the organization of this book. 1.1 The Parametric Principle An oscillating system comprising a single or several time-varying energy storing elements is called a parametric system; usually the variations are harmonic functions of time. Everybody knows one example of a mechanical parametric system from his childhood, namely, a swing. Therefore, we will start with this example though as it turns out, a swing is a rather compli cated parametric system. Fortunately, the electrical parametric systems, which form the object of this book, are simpler. Figure 1.1 shows such a swing. If it is removed from its equilibrium position and the child stands on it in a fixed attitude, the swing oscillates with a certain amplitude, the magnitude of which decreases with time due to the mechanical friction of the system. To increase the amplitude of oscil lation, the child changes positions during swinging: it crouches and straightens in a certain way twice during one cycle of the swing.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 1.1 The Parametric Principle.- 1.2 Problems.- 2. Lumped Nonlinear Reactances.- 2.1 Capacitances.- 2.1.1 pn Diodes.- a) Physical Fundamentals of Semiconductors.- b) The variable Capacitance of a pn Diode.- c) The Varactor Diode.- d) The Charge-Storage (Step-Recovery) Diode.- e) Specific Examples.- 2.1.2 The Schottky Diode.- 2.1.3 The MIS Diode.- 2.1.4 Capacitors with Nonlinear Dielectrics.- 2.1.5 Varactor Diode Measurement Techniques.- a) Reflection Test Method for Varactor Quality.- b) Transmission Test Method.- c) Determination of More Detailed Equivalent Circuits.- 2.2 Inductances.- 2.2.1 Nonlinear Magnetics.- 2.2.2 Josephson Junctions.- 2.3 Problems.- 3. Distributed Nonlinear Reactances.- 3.1 Ferroelectrics.- 3.2 Nonlinear Magnetics.- 3.3 Electron Beams.- 3.4 Superconductors.- 3.5 Piezoelectrics.- 3.6 Problems.- 4. Basic Relations for Parametric Circuits.- 4.1 The Manley-Rowe Power Relations.- 4.1.1 General Case.- 4.1.2 Special Three-Frequency Cases.- 4.1.3 Special Four-Frequency Cases.- 4.2 The Basic Three-Frequency Circuit.- 4.2.1 Current and Voltage Pumping.- 4.2.2 The Different Modes of Operation of the Basic Circuit.- 4.3 The Small-Signal Conversion Equations.- 4.3.1 Conversion Equations of the Ideal Varactor Diode for Four- and Three-Frequency Operation.- 4.3.2 The Conversion Equations of the Basic Circuit for the Four- and Three-Frequency Cases.- 4.4 Large-Signal Conversion Equations.- 4.4.1 Four-Frequency Conversion Equations for the Ideal Varactor Diode.- 4.4.2 The Conversion Equations for the Four- and Three-Frequency Basic Circuits.- 4.5 Problems.- 5. Signal Performance of Single-Varactor Diode Parametric Circuits.- 5.1 Three-Frequency Converters.- 5.1.1 Classification.- 5.1.2 The Equivalent Circuit.- 5.1.3 Transducer Gain.- 5.1.4 Available Gain.- 5.1.5 Bandwidth.- 5.1.6 Sensitivity.- 5.2 Four-Frequency Converters for Small-Signal Operation.- 5.2.1 Classification.- 5.2.2 The Noninverting Down-Converter with Resistive Image Termination.- 5.3 Large-Signal Converters.- 5.3.1 Power Up-Converters.- 5.3.2 Harmonic Multipliers.- 5.4 Small-Signal Behavior of the Three-Frequency Amplifier.- 5.4.1 The Equivalent Circuit.- 5.4.2 Transducer Gain.- 5.4.3 Bandwidth.- 5.4.4 Sens itivity.- 5.4.5 The Degenerate Case.- 5.4.6 The Amplifier with Circulator.- 5.5 Large-Signal Effect with Amplifiers.- 5.6 Problems.- 6. Fundamentals of Electronic Noise.- 6.1 Noise — What Is It?.- 6.2 Noise Sources in Communication Transmission Systems.- 6.2.1 Background.- 6.2.2 Thermal (or Johnson) Noise. Noise Temperature of a Two-Pole.- 6.2.3 Shot Noise.- 6.2.4 Antenna Noise. Noise Temperature of an Antenna.- 6.3 Noisy Four-Poles.- 6.3.1 Equivalent Circuits.- 6.3.2 Noise Figure, Noise Temperature, Noise Bandwidth.- a) Spectral Noise Figure and Temperature.- b) The Integral (or Band) Noise Figure. Equivalent Noise Bandwidth.- 6.3.3 Cascading Noisy Four-Poles. Noise Measure of a Four-Pole.- 6.3.4 Examples of Passive Four-Poles.- a) The Lossy Transmission Line.- b) Attenuator.- 6.4 Noise Measurement Techniques.- 6.4.1 Measuring Instruments.- 6.4.2 Measurement of Noise Bandwidth.- 6.4.3 Noise Figure Measurement.- 6.5 Problems.- 7. Noise Performance of Single-Varactor Diode Parametric Circuits.- 7.1 Noise Sources in Parametric Circuits.- 1.2 Converters.- 7.2.1 The Three-Frequency Converter.- 7.2.2 The Four-Frequency Converter with Resistive Image Termination.- 7.3 The Amplifier.- 7.3.1 The Amplifier Without Circulator.- 7.3.2 The Amplifier with Circulator.- 7.4 Problems.- 8. Multiple Controlled-Reactance Parametric Circuits.- 8.1 Lumped Elements.- 8.1.1 Two Cascaded Converters with High Pump Frequency.- 8.1.2 Two Cascaded Converters with Low Pump Frequency.- 8.1.3 Traveling-Wave Structures.- 8.2 Distributed Elements.- 8.2.1 Ferroelectrics.- 8.2.2 Nonlinear Magnetics.- 8.2.3 Electron Beams.- a) Longitudinal Amplifiers.- b) Transverse Amplifiers.- 8.3 Problems.- 9. Applications of Parametric Circuits.- 9.1 Parametric Amplifiers.- 9.1.1 Paramp Cooling.- 9.1.2 Stabilizing the Amplifier.- 9.1.3 Pump Generators.- 9.1.4 Low-Noise Design of Noncryogenic Paramps.- 9.1.5 Means of Broadbanding a Paramp.- 9.1.6 Development and Manufacture of Paramps.- 9.2 Parametric Converters.- 9.2.1 Up-Converters.- 9.2.2 Down-Converters.- 9.3 Problems.- Appendix : Calculation of pn-Diode Barrier Capacitance.- References.- List of Symbols.