Ovarian Function and Its Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy

ISBN-13: 9789400981973 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 450 str.

J. Horsky; J. Presl

Spis treści

Development of Ovarian Activity and Its Control.- Sex Determination.- Development of the Reproductive System, Its Function and Control.- Development of the ovary.- Oogenesis.- Development of the genital apparatus.- Development of the adenohypophysis.- Development of the hypothalamus.- Development of the pineal organ.- Sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus.- Sexual Maturation.- Mechanisms Controlling Sexual Maturation.- The brain and sexual maturation.- Influence of age, body-weight, body composition and metabolism on sexual maturation.- Pituitary and sexual maturation.- Pineal gland and sexual maturation.- Adrenals and sexual maturation.- Qualitative changes in steroidogenesis and sexual maturation.- Control of Ovarian Activity.- Extrahypothalamic Structures and the Cerebral Cortex.- Limbic system.- The pineal gland.- Cerebral cortex.- Pheromones.- Innervation of the ovary.- Hypothalamus.- Hypothalamic nuclei and their nervous pathways.- Ependyma.- Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.- Biogenic amines.- Hypothalamic releasing hormones.- LH-RH (GnRH, LH/FSH-RH, LRF).- LH-RH analogues.- PRH.- Hypothalamic inhibitory hormones.- PIH.- Feedbacks in the hypothalamo-hypophyso-ovarian relations.- Long (external) feedback of ovarian steroids.- Short (internal) feedback of hypophyseal gonadotropins.- “Ultrashort” feedback of hypothalamic releasing hormones.- Control of FSH and LH secretion.- Tonic and cyclic mechanism of gonadotropic secretion.- Mutual relationship between gonadotropins and steroids during the menstrual cycle and ovulation.- Participation of other substances in the control of the menstrual cycle.- Pulsatile release of gonadotropins.- Circadian rhythms in the endocrine system.- Physiological and mathematical model of the menstrual cycle.- Pituitary.- Gonadotropins.- Human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH, follitropin) and human luteinizing hormone (hLH, lutropin).- Methods for the assessment of gonadotropins.- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).- Prolactin (PRL).- Methods of assessment of PRL.- Mechanism of gonadotropin action.- Gonadotropins and cAMP.- Development of the sensitivity of the ovary to gonadotropins.- Genital Cycle.- Ovarian Cycle.- Ovulation.- Physiological anovulation.- Corpus luteum.- Activity of the corpus luteum and its degeneration (luteolysis).- Ovarian steroidogenesis.- Steroid biosynthesis.- Steroid catabolism.- Secretion, transport and metabolic dynamics of steroids.- Oestrogens.- Sources and formation of oestrogens.- Secretion, circulation and metabolism of oestrogens.- Physiological action of oestrogens.- Oestrogen levels in urine and plasma.- Methods for the assessment of oestrogens.- Antioestrogens.- Gestagens.- Sources and formation of gestagens.- Secretion, circulation and metabolism of gestagens.- Physiological action of gestagens.- Urinary and plasma levels of gestagens.- Methods of gestagen assessment.- Antiprogestational substances.- Androgens.- Sources and formation of androgens.- Secretion, circulation and metabolism of androgens.- Physiological action of androgens.- Urinary and plasma androgen levels.- Methods of androgen assessment.- Antiandrogens.- Mechanism of Action of Ovarian Steroids on Target Tissue.- Mechanism of oestrogen action.- Mechanism of progesterone action.- Mechanism of androgen action.- Tissue localization, physiological changes and regulation of sex steroid receptors.- Prostaglandins.- Biosynthesis and metabolism of prostaglandins.- Mechanism of prostaglandin action.- Prostaglandins in the physiology and pathology of human reproduction.- Prostaglandins and the uterus.- Prostaglandins and the ovary.- Prostaglandins and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system.- Uterine Cycle.- Endometrial cycle.- Myometrial cycle.- Cervical cycle.- Vaginal Cycle.- Climacteric and Menopause.- Endocrine Regulatory Mechanism During the Climacteric.- Oestrogens in the postmenopause.- Oestrogen sources in women after the menopause.- Gonadotropins in the climacteric.- Hypothalamic neurohormones in the climacteric.- Other steroids in the climacteric.- Anatomical Changes in the Organism During the Climacteric.- Main Clinical Symptoms of the Climacteric.- Climacteric dysfunctional uterine bleeding.- Vegetative disorders.- Psychic disorders.- Organic Diseases in the Climacteric.- Coronary disease.- Osteoporosis.- Climacteric Syndrome and Its Treatment.- Non-hormonal treatment.- Hormonal treatment.- Short-term treatment.- Long-term substitution therapy.- Symptomatic Classification of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle.- Normal Menstrual Cycle.- Duration of menstrual cycle.- Phylogeny and biological importance of menstruation.- Mechanism of menstrual bleeding.- Clotting defect of menstrual blood.- Duration of menstruation.- Magnitude of blood loss during menstruation.- Disorders of the Rhythm of the Menstrual Cycle.- Shortened cycle (polymenorrhoea, epimenorrhoea).- Ovulation bleeding (cyclic intermenstrual bleeding).- Prolonged cycle (oligomenorrhoea, raromenorrhoea, opsomenorrhoea, spaniomenorrhoea).- Disorders of the Intensity and Duration of Regular Menstrual Bleeding.- Excessive and prolonged bleeding (hypermenorrhoea and menorrhagia).- Sparse bleeding (hypomenorrhoea).- Irregular Uterine Bleeding (Metrorrhagia).- Absence of Uterine Bleeding (Amenorrhoea).- Physiological amenorrhoea.- Painful Syndromes Connected with the Menstrual Cycle.- Dysmenorrhoea.- Idiopathic dysmenorrhoea.- Symptomatic dysmenorrhoea.- Syndrome of premenstrual tension.- Ovulation pain (cyclic intermenstrual paín).- Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle in Hirsutism.- Abnormal Pubertal Development.- Premature pubertal development (sexual precocity).- True precocious puberty.- Pseudopubertas praecox.- Precocious thelarche.- Precocious adrenarche (premature pubarche).- Precocious menarche.- Delayed pubertal development.- Sexual infantilism.- Delayed puberty.- Primary amenorrhoea.- Delayed menarche.- Pathogenetic Classification of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle.- Psychogenic Disorders.- Causes and mechanism of the development of corticovisceral disorders.- Problem of organ specificity of corticovisceral disorders.- Corticovisceral disorders and psychic aspects.- Hypothalamic Disorders.- Hypophyseal Disorders.- Gonadal Disorders.- Uterine Disorders.- Disorders Due to Dysfunction of Other Systems.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle in dysfunction of the adrenal cortex.- Menstrual dysfunction in adrenal hyperfunction.- Menstrual dysfunction in adrenal hypofunction.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle in dysfunction of the thyroid gland.- Menstrual dysfunction in hypothyroidism.- Menstrual dysfunction in hyperthyroidism.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle in diseases of the pancreas.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle in liver diseases.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle in nutritional disorders.- Menstrual dysfunction in malnutrition.- Menstrual dysfunction in obesity.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle in exhaustive diseases.- Disorders of the menstrual cycle with normal ovarian function.- Aetiological Classification of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle.- Essential Disorders.- Genetic Disorders.- Toxiinfectious Disorders.- Disorders of Immunological Autotolerance.- Autoimmune damage of the ovary and adenohypophysis.- Autoimmune damage of meiosis or mitosis.- Psychogenic Disorders.- Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders.- Functional Disorders of Other Endocrine Glands.- Clinical Diagnosis of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle.- Basal Body Temperature.- Evaluation of the basal body temperature curve.- Relationship of basal body temperature to other criteria.- Clinical importance of basal body temperature.- Progesterone Test.- Oestrogen Test.- Gonadotropin Test.- Vaginal Cytology.- Vaginal cytology and oestrogenization of the female organism (comparison with the endometrial histology).- Vaginal cytology and quantitative evaluation of the oestrogenic effect on the vaginal mucosa.- Vaginal cytology and ovulation.- Vaginal cytology and secretory transformation of the endometrium.- Functional Biopsy of the Endometrium.- Comparison of endometrial biopsy and curettage.- Collection of specimens and evaluation of endometrium.- Relationship of endometrial biopsy to other criteria.- Clinical importance of endometrial biopsy.- Laparoscopy and Culdoscopy.- Genetic Examination (sex chromatin and karyotype).- Sex chromatin test.- Assessment of karyotype.- Functional Tests of the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System.- Clomiphene test.- LH-RH test.- Oestrogen provocation test.- Laboratory Examination of Thyroid Function.- Laboratory Examination of Androgenic Function of Adrenals and Ovaries.- Assessment of Gonadotropins.- Assessment of Steroids.- Gestagens.- Oestrogens.- Androgens.- X-Ray Examination.- Anthropometric Examination.- Ovulation Tests.- Direct criteria of ovulation.- Indirect criteria of ovulation.- Cervical mucus.- Rise of basal body temperature.- Karyopyknotic or eosinophil index.- Biopsy of the endometrium.- Haematological parameters.- Ascorbic acid retention.- Electropotentials.- Hormone levels.- Phosphate in saliva.- Differential Diagnosis of Menstrual Dysfunction in Practice.- Clinical Aspects of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle.- Psychogenic Disorders.- Secondary amenorrhoea.- “Schreckamenorrhoe”.- “Notstandsamenorrhoe”.- Pseudocyesis (pseudopregnancy).- Anorexia nervosa.- Psychogenic sterility.- Psychogenic dysfunctional uterine bleeding.- “Schreckblutung”.- Psychogenic anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding.- Treatment of psychosomatic disorders of the menstrual cycle.- Eonism.- Hypothalamic Disorders.- Luteal insufficiency.- Pathogenesis and aetiology.- Diagnosis.- Treatment.- Anovulatory cycle.- Pathogenesis and aetiology.- Diagnosis.- Treatment.- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.- Pathogenesis and aetiology.- Clinical picture.- Diagnosis.- Treatment.- Stein-Leventhal syndrome (polycystic ovary syndrome).- Pathological anatomy of polycystic ovaries and their subsequent development.- Abnormal steroid biosynthesis in the polycystic ovary.- Differential diagnosis of Stein-Leventhal syndrome.- Aetiopathogenesis of Stein-Leventhal syndrome.- Treatment of Stein-Leventhal syndrome.- Hypothalamic amenorrhoea.- Olfactogenital dysplasia (Kalmann — De Morcier syndrome).- Amenorrhoea with galactorrhoea.- Hypophyseal Disorders.- Sheehan’s syndrome.- Isolated gonadotropin deficiency.- Tumours of the pituitary and surrounding tissue.- Other types of panhypopituitarism.- Gonadal Disorders.- Gonadal dysgenesis.- Turner’s syndrome.- Incomplete Turner’s syndrome.- Ullrich’s syndrome (Noonan’s syndrome, turneroid syndrome).- Pure gonadal dysgenesis.- Hormonally active ovarian tumours.- Ovarian tumours with primary hormonal activity.- Ovarian tumours with secondary hormonal activity.- Hormonally active teratomas.- Clinical aspects and treatment.- Premature ovarian failure.- Castration of women.- Resistant ovary syndrome, insensitive ovary syndrome (follicular dysgenesis, Savage syndrome).- Testicular feminization.- Uterine and Vaginal Disorders.- Traumatic amenorrhoea (Asherman’s syndrome).- Impaired receptivity of the endometrium.- Irregular shedding of the endometrium.- Tuberculous endometritis.- Aplasia of the vagina and uterus (Mayer-Rokitanski-Küster-Hauser syndrome).- Cryptomenorrhoea and isolated atresia of the vagina.- Disorders with Normal Ovarian Function.- Dysmenorrhoea.- Primary (idiopathic) dysmenorrhoea.- Secondary (symptomatic) dysmenorrhoea.- Premenstrual syndrome.- Hormonal Treatment of Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle.- Substitution Therapy of Menstrual Dysfunction with Ovarian Steroids.- Oestrogen substitution.- Gestagen substitution.- Oestrogen and gestagen substitution.- Testosterone substitution.- Hormonal Therapy of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding.- Substitution.- Haemostasis.- Prevention of relapse.- Stimulation.- Inhibition.- Therapy of Anovulation.- Gonadotropins.- Antioestrogens.- Clomiphene.- Cyclofenil.- Tamoxifen.- Retroprogesterones.- LH-RH.- Other methods.- Sterility and Infertility.- Sterility.- Anatomical sterility.- Functional sterility.- Central and ovarian causes of sterility.- Uterine causes of sterility.- Cervical causes of sterility.- Vaginal causes of sterility.- Immunological causes of sterility.- Infertility.- Contraception.- Biological Methods.- Mechanical Methods.- Withdrawal (Coitus Interruptus).- Chemical Methods.- Intrauterine Devices.- Inert IUD.- Biologically active (medicated) IUD.- Copper IUD.- Progesterone IUD.- Hormonal Methods.- Oral contraception.- Substances used for oral contraception.- Mechanism of action of contraceptive steroids.- Administration.- Short-term side-effects.- Long-term side-effects.- Contraindications.- Recent methods of oral contraception.- Small doses of gestagens (luteal supplementation, minipills).- One-pill-a-month method.- Oral one-pill-a-week method.- Oral postcoital method (interception, morning-after pill).- Oral postovulation method.- Contraception by injection.- Sustained release system methods.- Sterilization of Women and Men.- Immunological Methods.- Prostaglandins in Contraception and Interception.- Contraception in Adolescents.- References.