Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters

ISBN-13: 9789401087520 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 497 str.

E. M. Thurman

Opis

This book is written as a reference on organic substances in natural waters and as a supplementary text for graduate students in water chemistry. The chapters address five topics: amount, origin, nature, geochemistry, and characterization of organic carbon. Of these topics, the main themes are the amount and nature of dissolved organic carbon in natural waters (mainly fresh water, although seawater is briefly discussed). It is hoped that the reader is familiar with organic chemistry, but it is not necessary. The first part of the book is a general overview of the amount and general nature of dissolved organic carbon. Over the past 10 years there has been an exponential increase in knowledge on organic substances in water, which is the result of money directed toward the research of organic compounds, of new methods of analysis (such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry), and most importantly, the result of more people working in this field. Because of this exponential increase in knowledge, there is a need to pull together and summarize the data that has accumulated from many disciplines over the last decade.

Spis treści

One Organic Carbon in Natural Waters: Amount, Origin, and Classification.- 1 Amount of Organic Carbon in Natural Waters.- Terms for Organic Carbon.- Ground Water.- Interstitial Water of Soil.- Interstitial Water of Sediment.- Snow and Glacial Water.- Rainfall.- Seawater.- Estuarine Water.- River Water.- Lake Water.- Wetland Water.- Suggested Reading.- 2 Transport, Origin, and Source of Dissolved Organic Carbon.- Transport of Dissolved Organic Carbon.- Origin and Source of Dissolved Organic Carbon.- Suggested Reading.- 3 Functional Groups of Dissolved Organic Carbon.- Acidic Functional Groups.- Neutral Functional Groups.- Basic Functional Groups.- Summary.- Suggested Reading.- 4 Classification of Dissolved Organic Carbon.- Histogram of Dissolved Organic Carbon.- Humic Substances and Hydrophilic Acids.- Specific Dissolved Organic Compounds.- Summary.- Suggested Reading.- Two Types and Amount of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Natural Waters.- 5 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols.- Volatile Fatty Acids.- Nonvolatile Fatty Acids.- Hydroxy and Keto Acids.- Dicarboxylic Acids.- Aromatic Acids.- Phenols.- Tannins.- Suggested Reading.- 6 Amino Acids.- Ground Water.- Interstitial Water.- Seawater.- River Water.- Lake Water.- Racemization of Amino Acids.- Melanoidin Formation.- Suggested Reading.- 7 Carbohydrates.- Ground Water.- Interstitial Water.- Seawater.- River Water.- Lake Water.- Sugar Alcohols, Methylated Sugars, and Sugar Acids.- Geochemistry.- Suggested Reading.- 8 Hydrocarbons.- Volatile Hydrocarbons.- Semi-volatile Hydrocarbons.- Suggested Reading.- 9 Trace Compounds.- Aldehydes.- Sterols.- Organic Bases and Phosphorus.- Organic Sulfur Compounds.- Alcohols, Ketones, and Ethers.- Chlorophyll and Other Pigments.- Organic Contaminants.- Suggested Reading.- 10 Aquatic Humic Substances.- Early Studies of Aquatic Humus.- Overview of Isolation Procedures.- Amount of Humic Substances in Water.- Elemental Analysis.- Functional Group Analysis.- Molecular Weight.- Characterization by Spectroscopy.- Trace Components of Humic Substances.- Characterization by Chromatography.- Degradation of Aquatic Humic Substances.- Structure of Aquatic Humic Substances.- Theories of Humus Formation in Soil.- Theories of Humus Formation in Water.- Suggested Reading.- Three Organic Processes, Reactions, and Pathways in Natural Waters.- 11 Geochemical Processes.- Role of Sediment in Geochemical Processes.- Sorption and Isotherms.- Hydrophobic Sorption.- Hydrogen Bonding/Weak Ion-Exchange.- Ion Exchange.- Precipitation Processes.- Evaporation Processes.- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.- Complexation of Metal Ions.- Trace Metal Interactions with Aquatic Humus.- Reactions of Humic Substances.- Suggested Reading.- 12 Biochemical Processes.- General Decomposition.- Microbial Transformations of Carbon.- Suggested Reading,.- References.