Nutrition and the Adult: Micronutrients Volume 3b

ISBN-13: 9781461572183 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 424 str.

Roslyn B. Alfin-Slater; David Kritchevsky

Opis

The science of nutrition has advanced beyond expectation since Antoine La- voisier as early as the 18th century showed that oxygen was necessary to change nutrients in foods to compounds which would become a part of the human body. He was also the first to measure metabolism and to show that oxidation within the body produces heat and energy. In the two hundred years that have elapsed, the essentiality of nitrogen-containing nutrients and of proteins for growth and maintenance of tissue has been established; the ne- cessity for carbohydrates and certain types of fat for health has been docu- mented; vitamins necessary to prevent deficiency diseases have been identified and isolated; and the requirement of many mineral elements for health has been demonstrated. Further investigations have defined the role of these nutrients in metabolic processes and quantitated their requirements at various stages of development. Additional studies have involved their use in the possible prevention of, and therapy for, disease conditions.

Spis treści

1 Roles of Vitamins as Coenzymes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Biotin.- 3. Nicotinic Acid.- 4. Pantothenic Acid.- 5. Vitamin B6.- 5.1. Decarboxylation.- 5.2. Side-Chain Cleavage.- 5.3. Loss of an ?-Hydrogen.- 6. Thiamine.- 7. Lipoic Acid.- 8. Folic Acid.- 9. Vitamin B12.- 9.1. Transfer and Reactions of Methyl Groups.- 9.2. Rearrangements.- 10. Riboflavin.- 11. Coenzyme Q.- 12. Other Vitamin Cofactors.- 12.1. Vitamin K.- 12.2. Ascorbic Acid.- 13. References.- 2 Vitamin C.- 1. The Lure of Vitamin C.- 2. Discovery of Vitamin C.- 3. Biochemistry and Physiology.- 4. Metabolic Functions of Vitamin C.- 4.1. Excretion of Ascorbic Acid and Its Metabolites.- 5. Minimal Daily Requirement and Recommended Allowance.- 6. Scurvy in Experimental Animals.- 7. Clinical Scurvy.- 8. Human Scurvy.- 9. Food Sources of Vitamin C.- 10. Pharmacologic Doses.- 11. Toxicity of Vitamin C.- 12. Summary.- 13. References.- 3 Vitamin A.- 1. Historical Introduction.- 2. Nomenclature, Chemical Structures, and Chemical Properties.- 3. Absorption.- 3.1. Absorption of Carotenes and Their Conversion to Retinol.- 3.2. Absorption of Preformed Vitamin A.- 4. Storage.- 5. Transport of Vitamin A.- 6. Vitamin A Deficiency and the Function of Vitamin A.- 6.1. Vision.- 6.2. Bone and Nerves (Including Cerebrospinal Fluid).- 6.3. Reproduction.- 6.4. Epithelial Growth and Differentiation.- 6.5. Vitamin A Deficiency and Growth.- 6.6. Vitamin A Deficiency in Man.- 6.7. Production of Vitamin A Deficiency in Experimental Animals.- 7. Biochemical Mechanisms of Vitamin A Function.- 7.1. Enzymes.- 7.2. Cofactors and Substrates.- 7.3. Serum Proteins.- 7.4. An Approach through Molecular Biology.- 8. The Metabolism of Vitamin A.- 8.1. Conversion to Active Forms.- 8.2. Conversion to Excreted Forms.- 8.3. Turnover, Half-Life, and Body Pool of Vitamin A.- 9. The Retinoids.- 10. Hypervitaminosis A and Vitamin A Toxicity.- 10.1. Effects on Bone and Cartilage.- 10.2. Congenital Malformations.- 10.3. Hemorrhages.- 10.4. Other Effects.- 10.5. Vitamin A Requirement and Toxicity in Man.- 11. Vitamin A Pharmacology.- 11.1. Vitamin A and Cancer.- 11.2. Vitamin A and Skin Diseases.- 11.3. Vitamin A and Detoxication.- 11.4. Vitamin A and Oral Contraceptive Agents.- 11.5. Vitamin A and the Immune Response (to Infection and Cancer).- 12. References.- 4 Vitamin D.- 1. Introduction.- 2. History.- 3. Deficiency Diseases.- 4. The D Vitamins and Their Precursors.- 5. Metabolism of Vitamin D.- 5.1. Absorption and Transport.- 5.2. Excretion of Vitamin D.- 5.3. Production of Vitamin D3 in Skin.- 5.4. Metabolism of Vitamin D to Its Metabolically Active Form(s).- 5.5. Vitamin D2.- 6. Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism.- 6.1. Role of Vitamin D and Its Metabolites.- 6.2. Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism by Calcium.- 6.3. Regulation by Parathyroid Hormone.- 6.4. Regulation of Vitamin D Metabolism by Phosphate.- 6.5. Molecular Mechanism of Regulation of the Renal Hydroxylases of 25-OH-D3.- 7. The Interaction between Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone.- 8. Regulation of the Renal Vitamin D Hydroxylases by the Sex Hormones.- 9. Mechanism of Vitamin D Action.- 9.1. Overall Physiologic Function of Vitamin D.- 9.2. Intestinal Calcium Transport.- 9.3. Intestinal Phosphate Transport.- 9.4. Bone Calcium Mobilization System.- 9.5. Metabolites and Analogs of Vitamin D and Their Effects on Intestine and Bone.- 10. Diseases of Bone as a Consequence of Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism.- 10.1. Renal Osteodystrophy.- 10.2. Hypoparathyroidism and Pseudohypoparathyroidism.- 10.3. Autosomal Recessive Vitamin-D-Dependency-Resistant Rickets.- 10.4. Hypophosphatemic Vitamin-D-Resistant Rickets.- 10.5. Dilantin- and Phenobarbital-Induced Bone Disease.- 10.6. Osteoporosis: Steroid-Induced and Postmenopausal.- 10.7. Summary of Clinical Uses of Vitamin D Metabolites.- 11. Vitamin D Toxicity.- 12. Conclusion.- 13. References.- 5 Vitamin E.- 1. History.- 2. Chemistry and Nomenclature.- 3. Deficiency Symptoms.- 4. Biopotency.- 5. Food Sources.- 6. Metabolism.- 6.1. Absorption, Transport, and Tissue Deposition.- 6.2. Metabolism.- 7. Biochemical Function.- 7.1. Interrelationship with Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA), Antioxidant Role, and Membrane Function.- 7.2. Nucleic Acid and Protein Metabolism.- 7.3. Mitochondrial Function.- 7.4. Relationship to Hormones.- 7.5. Interrelationship with Selenium and Sulfur Amino Acids.- 8. Nutritional Role.- 8.1. Deficiency States in Man.- 8.2. Protection against Oxygen, Ozone, and Nitrogen Dioxide.- 8.3. Protection against Nitrosamines, Lead, and Mercury.- 8.4. Drug Interrelationships.- 8.5. Influence on Disease Resistance.- 8.6. Relationship to Aging.- 8.7. Nutritional Requirements.- 9. Pharmacological Effects.- 10. Safety.- 11. References.- 6 Vitamin K.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Early History.- 3. Chemistry of the K Vitamins.- 4. Nomenclature.- 5. Principles of the Determination of Vitamin(s) K.- 5.1. Physicochemical Methods.- 5.2. Biological Methods.- 6. Vitamin K Content of Foods.- 7. Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism of Vitamin K.- 8. Physiological Function of Vitamin K.- 9. Bone and Kidney Proteins Containing ?-Carboxyglutamate.- 10. Coumarin Anticoagulant Drugs.- 11. Vitamin K Deficiency.- 12. Nutritional Requirements for Vitamin K.- 13. References.- 7 Iron—Hemoglobin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Iron Balance.- 3. Distribution and Function of Body Iron.- 3.1. Functional Iron.- 3.2. Storage Iron.- 4. Iron Losses.- 5. Assessment of Iron Status.- 5.1. Functional Iron.- 5.2. Iron Stores.- 6. Iron Absorption.- 6.1. Intraluminal Factors.- 6.2. Corporeal and Mucosal Factors.- 6.3. Heme Iron Absorption.- 6.4. Measurement of Iron Absorption.- 6.5. Food Iron Absorption.- 7. Pathology of Iron Deficiency and Anemia.- 7.1. Iron Deficiency without Anemia.- 7.2. Iron-Deficiency Anemia.- 7.3. Iron Deficiency, Infection, and Immunity.- 8. Iron Requirements—Dietary Iron.- 8.1. Recommended Iron Intakes.- 8.2. Iron Fortification of Foods.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 8 Trace Elements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calcium.- 3. Phosphorus.- 4. Magnesium.- 5. Sodium and Potassium.- 6. Iron.- 7. Zinc.- 8. Copper.- 9. Selenium.- 10. Cobalt.- 11. Silicon.- 12. Chromium.- 13. Vanadium.- 14. Nickel.- 15. Manganese.- 16. Fluoride.- 17. Tin.- 18. Conclusion.- 19. References.- 9 Drug—Nutrient Interrelationships.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Effects of Drugs on Nutritional Status.- 2.1. Effects on Taste, Appetite, and Gastrointestinal Symptomatology.- 2.2. Morphologic and Physiologic Aberrations.- 3. The Effects of Nutritional Status on Drug Metabolism.- 4. Summation.- 5. References.- 10 Oral Contraceptives and Nutrient Requirements.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of OCs on Nutrient Metabolism and Requirements.- 2.1. Vitamins.- 2.2. Minerals.- 2.3. Proteins.- 2.4. Lipids.- 2.5. Carbohydrates.- 3. Conclusion.- 4. References.- 11 Nutrition of the Elderly.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Changes Associated with Aging.- 3. Influence of Nutrition on Longevity.- 4. Nutrient Requirements of the Elderly.- 4.1. Energy.- 4.2. Protein and Amino Acids.- 4.3. Minerals.- 4.4. Fat-Soluble Vitamins.- 4.5. Water-Soluble Vitamins.- 4.6. Fluid Intake.- 4.7. Dietary Fiber.- 5. Assessment of Nutritional Status of the Elderly.- 5.1. Dietary Studies.- 5.2. Biochemical Determinations.- 5.3. Sex Differences in Nutritional Response.- 6. Nutrition-Related Diseases of the Elderly.- 7. Food Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices of the Elderly.- 8. References.