Nonimaging Fresnel Lenses: Design and Performance of Solar Concentrators

ISBN-13: 9783540418412 / Angielski / Twarda / 2001 / 274 str.

Ralf Leutz; R. Leutz; A. Suzuki

Opis

Nonimaging Fresnel Lenses: Design and Performance of Solar Concentmtors; what are we talking about? It is easy to forget that you, dear reader, may not be one of those who work inexactly the same field as we do: nonimaging optics for the concentration of sunlight. You may be a researcher in some optical science interested in the core subject of this book: the world's first practical design of a nonimaging Fresnel lens concentrator. You may not be too excited about the collection of solar energy, but you would want a fuB description of the optical performance of the lens. Which you will get, mostly in terms of nonimaging optics, complete with test results, and set against the competition of imaging Fresnel lenses and mirror-based imaging and nonimaging concentrators. If you are a solar energy professional, you are likely to be interested in reading why nonimaging optics and solar energy coBection go together so weB. They do so, because the concentration of solar energy does not demand imaging qualities, but instead requires flexible designs of highly uniform flux concentrators coping with solar disk size, solar spectrum, and tracking errors. Nonimaging optics has been developed to perfection since its discovery in 1965, in dealing with solar power conversion. Much of this experience is useful in nonimaging optical design in other fields where the markets already are more rewarding than in solar power generation, such as optoelectronics.

Spis treści

Executive Summary.- 1 Lenses and Mirrors for Solar Energy.- 1.1 Photovoltaic or Thermal Concentration?.- 1.2 Classification of Solar Concentrators.- 2 Nonimaging Optics.- 2.1 Nonimaging Concentration.- 2.2 Generalized Ideal Concentration.- 2.3 Lagrange Invariant.- 2.4 Nonimaging Mirrors.- 3 Fresnel Lens Optics.- 3.1 Reflection and Refraction.- 3.2 Total Internal Reflection.- 3.3 Deviation.- 3.4 Refractive Indices.- 3.5 Minimum Dispersion.- 4 Earlier Fresnel Lenses.- 4.1 History of Fresnel Lenses.- 4.2 Recent Developments.- 4.3 Simple Fresnel Lenses.- 4.4 Domed or Arched Fresnel Lenses.- 5 Nonimaging Fresnel Lens Design.- 5.1 Applied Nonimaging Lens Design.- 5.2 The Optimum Linear Lens.- 5.3 Rotational Symmetry.- 5.4 Arbitrary Shapes.- 5.5 Diverger Lens for Lighting.- 6 Lens Evaluation.- 6.1 Losses.- 6.2 Transmittance.- 6.3 Geometrical Losses.- 6.4 Concentration Ratios.- 6.5 Nonideal Concentration.- 7 Optimization of Stationary Concentrators.- 7.1 Choice of Stationary Collector.- 7.2 Solar Radiation Model.- 7.3 Radiation on a Tilted Plane.- 7.4 Acceptance by a Solar Concentrator.- 7.5 Compound Parabolic Concentrators.- 7.6 Quasi-3D Concentrators.- 8 Prototype Design, Manufacturing, and Testing.- 8.1 Prototypes of Choice.- 8.2 Prism Size.- 8.3 Lens Redesign.- 8.4 Lens Manufacturing.- 8.5 Sample.- 8.6 Preliminary Tests.- 8.7 Partial Absorber Illumination.- 8.8 Tracking.- 9 Concentrated Sunlight and Photovoltaic Conversion.- 9.1 Flux Density.- 9.2 Solar Disk Size and Brightness.- 9.3 Spectral Color Dispersion.- 9.4 Concentrator Cells.- 9.5 Multijunction Devices.- 9.6 Photovoltaic System Performance.- 9.7 Concentration and Cost.- 10 Solar Thermal Concentrator Systems.- 10.1 Solar Resources.- 10.2 Solar Sorption Air Conditioning.- 10.3 Energy and Exergy.- 10.4 Exergy of a Concentrating Collector.- 11 Solar Concentration in Space.- 11.1 Space Concentrator Arrays.- 11.2 Design Challenges in Space.- 11.3 Lenses and Mirrors!.- References.

Blurb

This book offers a detailed and comprehensive account of the engineering of the world's first nonimaging Fresnel lens solar concentrator. The book closes a gap in solar concentrator design, and describes nonimaging refractive optics and its numerical mathematics . The contents follow a systems approach that is absent in standard handbooks of optics or solar energy. The reader is introduced to the principles, theories, and advantages of nonimaging optics from the standpoint of concentrating sunlight (the solar concentrator idea). The book shows the reader how to find his or her own optical solution using the rules and methodologies covering the design and the assessment of the nonimaging lens. This novel solar concentrator is developed within the natural constraints presented by the sun and in relation to competitive solutions offered by other concentrators.