Natural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

ISBN-13: 9780849308192 / Angielski / Twarda / 2000 / 360 str.

Mamata Mukhopadhyay

Opis

Synthesizing research from a wide variety of sources, this work offers a convenient guide to a clean, safe, inexpensive, non-toxic, non-poll uting solvent that performs better than most conventional solvents. Na tural Extracts Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide reviews recent devel opment in the technology and its applications to the food, flavor, fra grance, and pharmaceutical industries. It outlines the many advantages the method has over traditional methods like steam distillation, solv ent extraction, and molecular distillation and it supports the popular trend toward the use of natural products in these industries.

Recenzje

"… very well written and easy to follow. It covers the current and newer areas of production of extracts from a host of natural products for food, pharmaceutical, and medicinal applications. …A unique feature of this book is the inclusion of a rather large database, covering both the fundamental and application aspects of many extraction processes and their products. The author has also provided some very useful data on economic comparison of the performance of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction processes with the more conventional contemporary processes practiced by various industries. …an excellent source book…"
- S.S.H. Rizvi, Institute of Food Science, Cornell University, in Food Technology

"... provides essential information for scientists interested in extractions in the laboratory or on an industrial scale, using an environmentally friendly option. The book lays the foundation for the potential investigator in the efficient isolation of naturally occurring compounds."
-Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 44, Issue No. 7 (2001)

"This interesting book deals with recent developments in the use of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SCFE). It provides the reader with a comprehensive picture of this methodology and its applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries…The book is comprehensive in its approach and supports the use of SCFE as a non-polluting, environmentally friendly process…"
- Phytomedicine

"Dr. Mukhopadhyay is an expert on process design for SCF extraction operations. Industrial engineers will appreciate her discussion on transport processes such as heat and mass transfer involved in extraction of natural products… The remaining 2/3 of the book, having less mathematical information, is written with the general reader in mind. This allows it to be a useful reference for many industries including ours."
Terry Gerstein, Society of Cosmetic Chemists, July/August 2001

Spis treści

INTRODUCTION
Importance of Nature Cure
Naturopathy
Natural Extracts
CO2 as an SCF Solvent
SCFE Process
SCFE Applications
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 1
Figures 1.1 - 1.3
FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS AND PHASE EQUILIBRIA
Process Schemes and Parameters in SCFE
Thermodynamics of SCF State
Variability of Density with P and T
Addition of Cosolvent to SCF Solvent
Solubility Behavior in SCF Solvent
Solubility Isotherms and Cross Over Phenomena
Solubility Isobars
Pressure and Temperature Effects
Solvent Capacity and Selectivity
Cosolvent Effects
SCF Phase Equilibrium Behavior
Liquid-Fluid Phase Equilibria
Solid-Fluid Phase Equilibria
Polymer-Fluid Phase Equilibria
Thermodynamic Modelling
The Equation of State Approach
Solid-Fluid Equilibrium Calculations
Mixing Rules
CS and GC Methods
Solubility Predictions of Solid from Pure Components Properties
Liquid-Fluid Equilibrium Calculations Mixing Rules
Regression of Binary Adjustable Parameters
Prediction of Multicomponent Data from Binary Interaction Constants
Prediction of Phase Boundaries
Mixture Critical Point Calculations
Multiphase (L-L-V) Calculations
Solubility Predictions Using Solvent-Cluster Interaction Model
Solubility Calculations from Correlations
Selectivity of Natural Molecules from Pure Component Solubilities
Thermophysical Properties of CO2 Nomenclature
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 2
Figures 2.1 - 2.27 (b)
FUNDAMENTAL TRANSPORT PROCESES IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION
Transport Properties of SCFs
Viscosity
Diffusivity
Thermal Conductivity
Interfacial Tension
Mass Transfer Behavior
SCFE From Solid Feed
Mechanism of Transport from Solids
Stages of Extraction from Different Natural Materials
SCFF from Liquid Feed
Fractionation of Liquids by SFC
Mass Transfer Modelling For SCFE from Solids
Process Parameters
Mass Transfer Coefficients
Effect of Axial Dispersion and Convective Flows
Shrinking Core Leaching Model
Heat Transfer in SCFs
Heat Transfer Coefficients
Effects of Free Convective Flow
Heat Transfer Coefficient for Two Phase Flow
Heat Exchanger Specifications
Nomenclature
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 3
Figures 3.1(a) - 3.16
FLAVOR AND FRAGRANCE EXTRACTS
Market Demand
Natural Essential Oils
Methods of Recovery of Natural Essential Oils
Steam Distillation
Maceration
Enfleurage
Cold Expression
Extraction with Volatile Organic Solvents
Choice of Solvents
Purification of Crude Extract
Vacuum Distillation
Molecular Distillation
Liquid-Liquid Fractionation
Supercritical CO2 Extraction
Commercial Advantage
SC CO2 Extracted Floral Fragrance
Jasmine Fragrance
Rose Fragrance
Bitter Orange Flower Fragrance
Lavender Inflorescence Fragrance
Marigold Fragrance
Sandalwood Fragrance
Vetiver Fragrance
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 4
Figures 4.1 - 4.7(b)
FRUIT EXTRACTS
Importance of Recovery
Citrus Oil Recovery During Juice Extraction
Flavoring Components in Fruits
Stability and Quality
CO2 Extraction Processes
Deterpenation of Citrus Oil by SC CO2
Dealcoholation of Fruit Juice by SC CO2
Enzyme Inactivation and Sterilization by +SC CO2
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 5
Figures 5.1 - 5.6
SPICE EXTRACTS
Importance of Recovery
Classification of Spices
Therapeutic Properties of Spices
Spice Constituents
Production of Spice Extracts
SC CO2 Extraction and Fractionation
Celery Seeds
Red Chili
Paprika
Ginger
Nutmeg
Pepper
Vanilla
Cardamom
Fennel, Caraway and Coriander
Garlic
Cinnamon
Market Trends
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 6
Figure 6.1
HERBAL EXTRACTS
Importance of Recovery
Herbal Remedies
Recovery Methods
Antioxidative and Antimicrobial Constituents
Anti-inflammatory Constituents
Anti-Cancerous Alkaloids
Anti-Carcinogenic Polyphenols
Medicinal Constituents of Tea Extract
Fat Regulating Agent
Therapeutic Oils and Fatty Acids
References
NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS
Importance of Recovery
Classification
Botanicals with Antioxidative Activity
Tocopherols as Antioxidants
Recovery by SC CO2
Spice and Herbal Extracts as Antioxidants
Recovery by SC CO2
Plant Leaf Extracts as Antioxidants
Flavonoids
Recovery of Flavonoids
Carotenoids as Antioxidants
Recovery of ? Carotene by SC CO2
Solubility of Antioxidants in SC CO2
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 8
Figures 8.1 - 8.7
NATURAL FOOD COLORS
Carotenoids as Food Colors
Recovery of Carotenoids by SC CO2
Grass
Orange Peel
Turmeric
Paprika
Red Chili
Carrot
Marigold Flowers
Annatto
Other Natural Colors
Anthocyanins as Food Colors
Classification of Anthocyanins
Recovery of Anthocyanins
Commercial Anthocyanin-based Food Colors
Betacyanins
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 9
Figures 9.1 - 9.2
PLANT AND ANIMAL LIPIDS
Importance of Recovery
Recovery Methods
Separation of FFA from Vegetable Oil by SC CO2
Fractionation of PUFA from Animal Lipids
Refining and Deodorisation of Vegetable Oil
Fractionation of Glycerides
Extraction of Oil from Oil Bearing Materials
Sunflower Oil
Corn Germ Oil
Soybean Oil
Olive Husk Oil
Grape Seed Oil
Animal Lipids
Deoiling of Lecithin by SC CO2
Soya Phospholipids
Oat Lecithin
Canola Lecithin
PC from Deoiled Cottonseed
PC from Egg Yolk
Dilipidation and Decholesterification of Food
Butter
Egg Yolk Powder
Fish and Meat Muscles
References
Figure Captions - Chapter 10
Figures 10.1 - 10.12
NATURAL PESTICIDES
Importance of Recovery
Bioactivity of Neem
Neem Based Pesticides
Azadirachtin-based Formulations
Commercial Production
Recovery of Azadirachtin from Neem Kernel
Conventional Processes
Supercritical CO2 Extraction
Pyrethrum Based Pesticides
Recovery of Pyrethrins
Nicotine Based Pesticides
Reovery of Nicotine by SC CO2
References
APPENDICES
Thermophysical Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Definitions of Fatty Acids and Their Compositions in Various Oils
Some Statistics on Major Vegetable Oils and Oilseeds
INDEX

O autorze

Mamata Mukhopadhyay