Nanomaterials: Basics to Applications

ISBN-13: 9789811938801 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022

Yarub Al-Douri

Opis

This book includes the synthesis, analysis and characterization of nanomaterials that are an important ingredient in nanotechnologies. Nanomaterials contain nanoparticles, smaller than 100 nanometers in at least one dimension. Nanomaterials are coming into use in health care, electronics, cosmetics and other areas. Their physical and chemical properties differ from those of bulk materials. This needs to cover health risks to workers and potential risks to environment. This is currently done on a case-by-case basis, but risk assessment methods need to be kept up to date as the use of nanomaterials expands, especially as they find their way into consumer products. This book covers the basics to advanced applications of nanomaterials and provides a useful resource for researchers and professionals in the field.​

Spis treści

Chapter 1                                                                                                     

PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS                                                                

1.1  Introduction                                                                                                         

1.1.1 What are nanomaterials?                                                                                             

1.1.2  Where are nanomaterials found?                                                                     

1.2 Advances in nanomaterials                                                                                             

1.3 Classification of nanomaterials                                                                                        

1.4 Why are nanomaterials important?                                                                                

1.5 Types of nanomaterials                                                                                                   

1.6  The nanoscience and nanotechnology                                                    

1.6.1 Characteristics of nanomaterials                                                       

1.7 Nano-effect                                                                                    

1.7.1 Exceptional optical properties                                                                          

1.7.2 Exceptional thermal properties                                                                        

1.7.3 Exceptional magnetic properties                                  

1.7.4 Exceptional mechanical properties                                                                              

1.7.5 Exceptional electrical properties                                                                     

1.7.6 Natural nano-effect                                                                                                          

1.8 Physical principles of nano-effect                                                                      

1.8.1 Discontinuity of electron levels                                                                                           1.8.2 Kubo theory                                                                                                                      1.8.3 Small size effect                                                                                                                  1.8.4 Surface effect                                                                                                                    1.8.5 Dielectric confinement effect                                                                                            

Problems        

                                                                                                                         

Chapter 2                                                                                                                             

Synthesis of nanomaterials                                                                              

2.1              Introduction                                                                                                                

2.1.1 Preparation of nanoparticles                                                                                        

2.2 Icroemulsion-based methods                                                                                           

2.3 Carbon fullerenes                                                                                                            

2.4 Synthesis of nanowires, nanorods and nanotubes                                                                      

2.4.1 rods                                                                                                                               

Problems

                                                                                                                                     

Chapter 3

Characterization and analysis of nanomaterials                       

3.1 Introduction                                                                                                                     

3.2 Detection and analysis of particle size                                                                          

3.3  Detection and analysis of the electrical properties                                                       

3.4 Detection and analysis of magnetic properties                                                             

3.5 Detection and analysis of the mechanical properties                                                   

3.6 Detection and analysis of thermal properties                                                                

3.7 Detection and analysis of optical properties                                                                 

3.8 Scanning probe microscopy                                                                                           

3.9 Principles of scanning tunneling microscopy                                                   

3.9.1 Operating mode of STM                                                                                                    3.9.2 STM application: atomic manipulation                                                                   

3.9.3 Advantages of STM                                                                                                           

3.10 Atomic force microscopy                                                                                               

3.10.1 Principle of AFM                                                                                                 

3.10.2 Comparison of the AFM scanning modes                                                             

3.10.3 Application examples of AFM                                                                                           

Problems

                                                                                                                                   

Chapter 4                                                                                                                 

Mechanical and magnetic properties of nanomaterials           

4.1 Introduction                                                                                                                     

4.2 Mechanical behavior                                                                                                       

4.2.1 Elastic properties of nanocrystalline metals                                                                

4.2.2 Hardness, yield and ultimate strengths                                                 

4.2.3 Mechanical properties at room and elevated temperatures                                       

4.2.4 Strength of amorphous alloys containing nanoscale particles                                  

4.2.5 Deformation behavior of nanostructured alloys                                                         

4.3 Structure and soft magnetic properties                                                                        

4.4 Effect of grain-size distribution and Curie temperature of intergranular amorphous phase on soft magnetic properties                                                                                                  

4.5 Magnetic properties                                                                                

Problems

                                                                                                                                     

CHAPTER 5                                                                                                                             

Electrical and optical properties of nanomaterials                   

5.1             Introduction                                                                                                                 5.2             Metals                                                                                                                         5.2.1 Quantum transport of electrons                                                                                               

5.2.2 Electrical conductivity                                                                                                    5.2.2.1 Atomic structure and mechanical properties                                                            

5.2.2. Electrical conductance of nanowires                                                                           

5.2.3 Surface plasmons                                                                                                           5.2.3.1 Dipole plasmon resonances                                                                                        5.2.3.2 Quadrupole plasmon resonances                                                                               5.2.3.3 Extinction for silver spheres                                                                                       5.2.3.4 Electromagnetic fields for spherical particles                                                            5.3             Semiconductor                                                                                                            5.3.1 Band gap modification                                                                                                  

5.3.2 Quantum size effects                                                                                                    

5.3.3 Quantization and energy level spacing                                                                         

5.3.4 Optical properties                                                                                                         

Problems

                                                                                                                                     

CHAPTER 6                                                                                                                             

Nanodevices and nanostructures                                                                 

6.1 Introduction                                                                                                                     

6.2 General scheme of nanodevices                                                                                     

6.3 Nanocomponents                                                                                                                        

6.3.1 DNA                                                                                                                   

6.3.2 Carbon nanotubes and fullerenes                                                                                 

6.4 Nanoelectronics                                                                                                   

6.5 Nanostructured materials                                                                                               

6.5.1 Nanoparticle properties                                                                                               

6.5.2 Nanoalloys                                                                                                                    

6.6     Prospects for future modeling                                                            

Problems

                                                                                                                                   

CHAPTER 7                                                                                                                             

CARBON NANOTUBES                                                                                              

7.1 Introduction                                                                                                                     

7.1.1 Structures of carbon allotropes                                                                      

7.1.2 Single-layer graphite material (graphene)                                                                     

7.2                 Types and nature of CNTs                                                                                         7.2.1 Types of CNTs                                                                                                        

7.2.2        Characteristics of CNTs                                                                                                 

7.2.2.1 Mechanical properties                                                                                              

7.2.2.2 Electrical characteristics                                                                                           

7.2.2.3 Thermal properties                                                                                                    

7.2.2.4 Superconducting phenomenon of CNTs                                                                   

7.2.2.5 Chemical properties                                                                                                  

7.3 Electronic structure of CNTs                                                                                            

7.3.1 π-electron orbital and the energy of the conjugated molecule in planar structure   

7.3.2 Electronic structure of graphite                                                                       

7.4 Preparation of CNTs                                                                                                        

7.5 Applications of CNTs                                                                                                      

7.5.1 CNT electronics                                                                                                                  

7.5.1.1 The limits of microelectronics technology and the emergence of nanoelectronics           

7.6 Single-electron transistor                                                                                                

7.7 CNT electronics                                                                                                               

7.7.1 Quantum wire                                                                                                                   

7.7.2 CNT-based junction                                                                                                            

7.7.3 SET with CNTs                                                                                                                   

7.7.4 CNT-based FET                                                                                                                    

7.7.5 Complementary nongate (Inverter) circuit with CNTs                                                          

7.8 Other applications of CNTs                                                                                                   

7.8.1 Nano test tubes                                                                                                            

7.8.2 Nanobalance                                                                                                                 

7.8.3 Nanomolds                                                                                                                    

7.8.4 CNTs: Field emission cathode materials                                                           

7.8.5 Application of CNTs in hydrogen storage                                                                    

7.8.6 High-energy microbattery                                                                                                

7.8.7 High-energy capacitor                                                                                                  

7.8.8 Chip thermal/heat protection                                                                                       

7.8.9 Nanoreactor                                                                                                                  

7.8.10 Nanocomposite materials                                                                                          

Problems

                                                                                                                                   

CHAPTER 8                                                                                                                             

SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOTS                                                           

8.1 Introduction                                                                                                                     

8.2  The physical basis of semiconductor QDs                                                                    

8.2.1 Quantum confinement effect                                                                                               8.2.2          Excitons and luminescence                                                                                             

8.2.2.1 The concept of excitons                                                                                

8.2.2.2 Energy band structure of excitons                                                                            

8.2.2.3 Calculations of the exciton binding energy                                                   

8.3 Preparation of semiconductor QDs                                                                                  

8.4 Laser devices based on QDs                                                                              

8.5  Single-photon source                                                                                                       Problems

                                                                                                                         

CHAPTER 9                 

Superconductivity                                                                                                           

9.1 Introduction                                                                                                                     

9.2 The Physical principles of superconductivity                                                                

9.3  The classification of superconductors                                                                               9.3.1 Low-temperature superconductors                                                                                       9.3.2 High-temperature superconductors                                                                                      9.3.3 Other novel superconductors                                                                                                9.4 Nanosuperconductors                                                                                                         

9.4.1 Incredible magnetic nanoclusters                                                                                

9.4.2 Quantum fluctuations and strong correlation in nanowires                                         

9.4.3 Ultrathin film                                                                                                                   

9.4.4 Nanosuperconductors and hybrid structures                                                              

9.4.5 Links between superconductors and nanostructure                                      

9.5 Application of nanosuperconductors                                                                               

9.5.1 Quantum computers                                                                                                         9.5.2 Nanosuperconductor quantum bits                                                                                                                                                                      

Problems        

                                                                                                                       

CHAPTER 10                                                                                                               

Multi-application of nanomaterials                                                

10.1 Introduction                                                                                                                   

10.2 Amorphous silicon/oxide superlattice                                                                          

10.3 Single-electron transistor                                                                       

10.4 Quantum dot laser                                                                                                        

10.5 Epilogue                                                                                                                         

10.6 Chemical and biological sensors                                                                                    

10.7 Optical sensors                                                                                                               

10.8 Catalysis                                                                                                                         

10.9 Future issues                                                                                     

Problems                                                                                                                    

Refernces                                                                                                    

Index

O autorze

Dr. Yarub Al-Douri is a Professor of Nanotechnology at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani and is an Adjunct Professor at Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey. He is Associate Editor of Nano-Micro Letters (Q1), Editor-in-Chief of Experimental and Theoretical NANOTECHNOLOYG, and Editor-in-Chief of World Journal of Nano Science and Engineering. Al-Douri has more than 750 publications to his credit. His research interests are in the areas of nanomaterials, nanoelectronics, optics, semiconductors, and renewable energy.