Monitoring for Health Hazards at Work, 5th Edition

ISBN-13: 9781119614968 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 464 str.

Marie Coggins

Spis treści

List of Figures xviiiPreface xxvAcknowledgements xxviiUnits and Abbreviations xxviiiPart 1 Introduction 1Chapter 1 Occupational Hygiene and Risk Assessment 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Hazard and Risk 81.3 Risk Assessment 91.4 The Stages of a Risk Assessment 101.4.1 Identify the Hazard 101.4.2 Decide Who Might Be Affected and How 111.4.3 Evaluate the Risks 111.4.4 Take Preventative and Protective Measures 131.4.5 Record the Significant Findings 141.4.6 Review the Assessment Regularly and Revise It If Necessary 141.5 Who Should Carry Out Risk Assessment? 15References and Further Reading 15Chapter 2 Identifying Hazards 172.1 Introduction 172.2 Identifying Hazards 182.3 Example of Hazard Identification 202.4 Conclusions Arising from a Hazard Assessment 21References and Further Reading 21Chapter 3 Exposure, Exposure Routes and Exposure Pathways 233.1 Introduction 233.2 Exposure Routes 233.3 Exposure Pathways 263.4 Measuring Exposure 273.5 Biological Monitoring 283.6 Exposure Assessment: What the Legislation Requires 293.7 Conclusions 30References and Further Reading 31Chapter 4 The Exposure Context 324.1 Context for Measurement 324.2 Sources of Hazardous Substances 334.3 Dispersion Through the Workroom 344.4 Receptor 364.5 Jobs and Tasks 374.6 Conclusion 38References and Further Reading 38Chapter 5 Modelling Exposure 395.1 Introduction 395.2 Worst-Case Models 405.3 Control Banding and COSHH Essentials 425.3.1 Worked Example 445.4 Screening Tools Used for Regulation of Chemicals in Europe 465.4.1 ECETOC TRA 465.4.2 Stoffenmanager.nl 475.4.3 Worked Example 485.4.4 Overall Reliability of These Tools 495.5 The Advanced REACH Tool 495.5.1 Bayesian Statistics 495.5.2 The ART 505.5.3 Worked Example 515.6 Conclusions and Prospects 52References and Further Reading 52Chapter 6 Why Measure? 546.1 Introduction 546.2 Reasons for Undertaking Monitoring 546.2.1 To Support a Risk Assessment 546.2.2 To Assess Compliance with an OEL 556.2.3 To Make a Comparison with Existing Data 556.2.4 To Provide Baseline Information on the Exposure Distributions Within a Plant 566.2.5 Supporting Information for Registration Submissions Under the REACH Regulations 566.2.6 Containment Capability Studies 576.2.7 To Underpin a Research Study 58References and Further Reading 58Chapter 7 How to Carry Out a Survey 597.1 Introduction 597.2 Planning the Survey 597.3 Workplace Monitoring 617.4 Monitoring Strategies 637.5 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 66References and Further Reading 68Chapter 8 Analysis of Measurement Results 698.1 Introduction 698.2 Dealing with Variability in Measurement Results 698.3 Summary Statistics and Data Presentation 718.4 Testing Compliance 748.4.1 Worked Example 768.5 Other Software Tools to Aid Data Analysis 78References and Further Reading 78Chapter 9 Introduction to Control 809.1 Introduction 809.2 Specific Control Measures 819.2.1 Elimination 829.2.2 Substitution 829.2.3 Total Enclosure 839.2.4 Technological Solutions 849.2.5 Segregation 849.2.6 Partial Enclosure 859.2.7 Local Ventilation 859.2.8 General Ventilation 869.2.9 Personal Protective Equipment 879.3 The Effectiveness of Control Measures 87References and Further Reading 88Chapter 10 The Importance of Good Records and How to Write a Survey Report 8910.1 Record, Educate and Influence 8910.2 Measurement Records 9010.3 Survey Reports 9210.3.1 General Principles of Writing a Good Report 9210.3.2 Report Structure 9310.3.3 Common Pitfalls and Administrative Points 96References and Further Reading 96Chapter 11 Risk Assessment 9811.1 Introduction 9811.2 Identify All Hazardous Substances or Agents 10011.3 Identify the Likely Levels of Exposure 10011.4 Identify All Persons Likely to be Exposed 10211.5 Assess Whether the Exposures are Likely to Cause Harm 10211.6 Consider Elimination or Substitution 10311.7 Define Additional Control Measures Necessary to Reduce the Harm to Acceptable Levels 104References and Further Reading 105Chapter 12 Risk Communication 10712.1 Introduction 10712.2 Risk Perception 10812.3 Trust 11012.4 Principles of Good Risk Communication 11012.4.1 Know Your Constraints Before You Start 11112.4.2 Define the Role of the Communicator 11112.4.3 Research Your Audience 11112.4.4 Timing 11212.5 The Presentation 11212.6 Communicating Risk 11412.7 Quantitative Risk Assessment to Aid Risk Communication 115References and Further Reading 117Part 2 Hazardous Substances 119Chapter 13 An Introduction to Hazardous Substances 12113.1 Introduction 12113.2 The Complexities of Modern Workplaces 12213.3 The Top Five Hazardous Carcinogens 12313.4 Substances of Concern for the Respiratory System 12313.5 Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals and Other Biologically Active Substances 12413.6 Organic Chemicals 12513.7 Summary 126References and Further Reading 126Chapter 14 Dust, Particles and Fibrous Aerosols 12814.1 Introduction 12814.2 Airborne Particulate Matter 12814.3 Fibres 13114.4 Measurement of Airborne Particulate and Fibre Concentrations 13314.4.1 Filters 13414.4.2 Filter Holders and Sampling Heads 13514.5 Measurement of Flow Rate 13914.6 Pumps 14114.7 Direct-Reading Aerosol Monitors 14214.8 Flow Rate Measurement Using a Rotameter or Electronic Flow Calibrator by Using the Soap Bubble Method 14414.9 The Measurement of Inhalable Airborne Dust 14614.9.1 Equipment Required 14614.9.2 Method 14714.9.3 Calculations 14914.9.4 Possible Problems 14914.10 The Measurement of Airborne Respirable Dust by Using a Cyclone Sampler 15014.10.1 Equipment Required 15014.10.2 Method 15014.10.3 Calculations 15114.10.4 Possible Problems 15114.11 Measurement of Nanoparticles 15114.12 The Sampling and Counting of Airborne Asbestos Fibres 15214.12.1 Equipment Required for Sampling 15414.12.2 Method for Sampling 15414.12.3 Fibre Counting and Generating Concentration Data 15414.12.4 Method of Evaluation 15514.12.5 Calculations 15614.12.6 Possible Problems 15714.13 The Choice of Filter and Filter Holder to Suit a Specific Dust, Fume or Mist 15714.14 To Trace the Behaviour of a Dust Cloud by Using a Tyndall Beam 15914.14.1 Equipment Required 15914.14.2 Method 160Note 160References and Further Reading 160Chapter 15 Gases and Vapours 16315.1 Introduction 16315.2 Collection Devices 16715.2.1 Adsorption Methods 16715.2.2 Adsorbent Tubes 16915.2.3 Passive Samplers 17115.2.4 Colorimetric Detector Tubes 17215.3 Containers 17415.4 Direct-Reading Instruments 17415.5 To Measure Personal Exposure to Solvent Vapours Using an Adsorbent Tube 17615.5.1 Equipment Required 17615.5.2 Method 17715.5.3 Calculations 17715.5.4 Example 178References and Further Reading 179Chapter 16 Bioaerosols 18116.1 Introduction 18116.2 Classification of Microorganisms 18216.3 Viruses 18316.4 Bacteria 18416.5 Moulds and Yeasts 18616.6 Allergens 18716.7 Principles of Containment 18716.8 Monitoring Bioaerosols 18816.9 Measurement of Endotoxins and Allergens 19216.10 Interpretation of Sample Results 193References and Further Reading 194Chapter 17 Dermal and Inadvertent Ingestion Exposure 19617.1 Introduction 19617.2 Occupations Where Dermal Exposure is Important 19717.3 Local and Systemic Effects 19817.4 How Do We Know If Dermal Exposure is an Issue? 19917.5 What Do We Measure? 20017.6 Methods for Dermal Exposure Measurement 20217.7 Sampling Strategy 20517.8 Liquids and Solids 20717.9 Biomonitoring and Modelling of Dermal Exposure 20817.10 From Exposure to Uptake 20917.11 Controlling Dermal Exposure 21017.12 Inadvertent Ingestion Exposure 211References and Further Reading 214Chapter 18 Human Biomonitoring 21718.1 Introduction 21718.2 Selection of a Suitable HBM Method 21818.3 Examples of HBM 22018.4 Study Protocols 22118.5 Interpretation of HBM Data 222References and Further Reading 224Part 3 Physical Agents 225Chapter 19 An Introduction to Physical Agents 22719.1 Introduction 22719.2 Physical Agents in the Workplace 22819.3 Noise and Vibration 22919.4 Thermal Environment 23019.5 Ionising and Non-ionising Radiation 231References and Further Reading 232Chapter 20 Noise 23320.1 Introduction 23320.2 Frequency 23420.3 Duration 23620.4 Occupational Exposure Limits 23720.5 Pressure and Magnitude of Pressure Variation 23820.6 Equipment Available 23920.7 Sound Level Metres and Personal Noise Dosimeters 23920.8 Personal Noise Dosimeters 24320.9 Calibration 24520.10 Collecting Noise Measurements 24720.10.1 Using an SLM 24720.10.2 Results 24820.11 To Measure Workplace Noise Using a PND 24920.11.1 Using a PND 24920.11.2 Results 25020.11.3 Possible Complications 25020.12 To Measure the Spectrum of a Continuous Noise by Octave Band Analysis 25120.12.1 Collecting a Spectrum of a Continuous Noise by Octave Band Analysis 25220.12.2 Results 25220.13 To Determine the Degree of Noise Exposure and the Actions to Take 254Note 255References and Further Reading 255Chapter 21 Vibration 25721.1 Introduction 25721.2 Vibration 25921.3 Occupational Exposure Limits 26121.4 Risk Assessment 26221.5 Measurements and Measurement Equipment 26221.6 Hand-Arm Vibration Measurement Calculations 26421.6.1 Reporting of VibrationExposure Data 26521.7 Control of Vibration 266References and Further Reading 267Chapter 22 Heat and Cold 26922.1 Introduction 26922.2 Heat Stress 27222.3 Measurement Equipment 27522.3.1 Dry Bulb Thermometers 27522.3.2 Wet-bulb Thermometers 27522.3.3 Air Speed 27622.3.4 Globe Thermometer 27622.3.5 Integrating WBGT Instruments 27622.4 Personal Physiological Monitoring 27722.5 Measurement of the Thermal Environment 27922.6 Predicted Heat Strain Index 28122.7 Risk Assessment Strategy 28222.8 Control of Hot Environments 28322.9 Thermal Comfort 28522.10 Cold Environments 28622.11 To Calculate the Wind Chill Factor 28822.11.1 Procedure 288References and Further Reading 289Chapter 23 Lighting 29023.1 Introduction 29023.2 Lighting Standards 29323.3 Equipment Available 29323.4 Calibration 29323.5 To Measure Lighting 29423.5.1 Aim 29423.5.2 Equipment Required 29423.5.3 Method 29523.5.4 Possible Problems 29623.5.5 Results and Comparison with Guidance 29723.5.6 Reporting 29723.6 Control 298References and Further Reading 299Chapter 24 Ionising Radiation 30124.1 Introduction 30124.2 Ionising Radiation 30224.3 Background Radiation 30324.4 Basic Concepts and Quantities 30424.5 Types of Radiation 30624.6 Energy 30724.7 Activity 30724.8 Radiation Dose Units 30824.8.1 Absorbed Dose and Dose Equivalent 30824.8.2 To Calculate Dose Equivalent 30924.8.3 Dose Rate 30924.9 Dose Limits 31024.10 Derived Limits 31124.11 Procedures to Minimise Occupational Dose 31124.12 Personal Dosimetry and Medical Surveillance 31324.12.1 Monitoring of Ionising Radiation in Work Areas 31424.12.2 Personal Monitoring for External Dose 31624.12.3 Film Badge Dosimeter 31724.12.3.1 Advantages of the Film Badge Dosimeter 31724.12.3.2 Disadvantages 31824.12.4 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter 31824.12.4.1 Advantages Thermoluminescent Dosimeter 31824.12.4.2 Disadvantages 31824.12.5 Direct-Reading Monitors 31924.12.5.1 Disadvantages of Direct-reading Monitors 31924.12.6 Air Monitoring 319References and Further Reading 320Chapter 25 Non-Ionising Radiation 32125.1 Introduction 32125.2 Ultraviolet Radiation 32325.3 Visible and Infrared Radiation 32525.4 Blue Light 32625.5 Microwaves, Radiowaves and Low-frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields 32725.6 Lasers 329References and Further Reading 330Part 4 Control of Hazards 333Chapter 26 Assessing the Effectiveness of Exposure Controls 33526.1 Introduction 33526.2 The Effectiveness of Control Measures 33626.2.1 Elimination and Substitution 33626.2.1.1 Case Study: Replacement of Trichloroethylene for Cleaning Textiles 33626.2.2 Ventilation and Control Measures at Source 33726.2.2.1 Case Study: Enclosure of Beryllium Processing 33826.2.3 Personal Protective Equipment 33926.2.4 Using Effectiveness Data 34026.2.4.1 Case Study: Loading Pharmaceuticals into a Process Vessel 34126.3 Measuring Exposure to Assess the Effectiveness of Controls 34226.3.1 Case Study: Use of Push-Pull Ventilation in Hand Soldering 342References and Further Reading 344Chapter 27 Assessing Local Ventilation Control Systems 34527.1 Introduction 34527.2 Air Pressure 34627.2.1 Static Pressure (ps) 34627.2.2 Velocity Pressure (pv) 34727.2.3 Total Pressure (pt) 34727.3 Measurement Equipment 34727.3.1 Pressure-Measuring Instruments 34727.3.2 Air Velocity Measuring Instruments 34927.3.2.1 Vane Anemometers 35027.3.2.2 Heated Sensor Anemometers 35127.3.2.3 Velocity Pressure Devices 35227.3.2.4 Smoke Tube Kit 35427.3.2.5 Calibration 35527.3.2.6 Tyndall Beam 35527.3.3 Barometric Pressure Instruments 35527.4 Ventilation Measurement Records 35527.5 Measurement of Air Flow in Ducts 35927.5.1 Aim 35927.5.2 Equipment Required 35927.5.3 Method 36027.5.4 Calculation 36327.5.5 Example 36427.5.6 Possible Problems 36527.6 Measurement of Pressure in Ventilation Systems 36627.6.1 Aim 36627.6.2 Equipment Required 36627.6.3 Method 36627.6.4 Results 36727.6.5 Possible Problems 36827.7 To Measure the Face Velocity on a Booth, Hood or Fume Cupboard 36827.7.1 Aim 36827.7.2 Equipment Required 36927.7.3 Method 36927.7.4 Results 37027.7.5 Possible Problems 370References and Further Reading 370Chapter 28 Personal Protective Equipment 37228.1 Introduction 37228.2 Components of An Effective PPE Programme 37228.2.1 Assessment of Risks and Identification of Where Control is Required 37328.2.2 Implement All Feasible Controls 37328.2.3 Identify Who Needs Residual Protection 37428.2.4 Inform Wearers of the Consequences of Exposure 37428.2.5 Select PPE Adequate to Control Residual Exposure 37428.2.5.1 Case Study 37628.2.6 Involve Wearers in the PPE Selection Process 37728.2.7 Match PPE to Each Individual Wearer 37728.2.8 Carry Out Objective Fit-Tests of RPE 37828.2.9 Ensure That PPE Does not Exacerbate or Create Risks 37828.2.10 Ensure PPE are Mutually Compatible 38128.2.11 Train Wearers in the Correct Use of Their PPE 38128.2.12 Supervise Wearers to Ensure Correct Use of PPE 38228.2.13 Maintain PPE in Efficient and Hygienic Condition 38328.2.14 Inspect PPE to Ensure it is Correctly Maintained 38328.2.15 Provide Suitable Storage Facilities for PPE 38328.2.16 Record Maintenance and Inspection Data 38428.2.17 Monitor Programme to Ensure its Continuing Effectiveness 384References and Further Reading 384Part 5 The Future 387Chapter 29 Monitoring for Hazards at Work in the Future 38929.1 What the Future Holds for Monitoring Hazards at Work 389References and Further Reading 393Appendix: Survey checklists 395Equipment Suppliers 403Chemical Analytical Services 405Index 407

O autorze

John W. Cherrie is Emeritus Professor of Human Health, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK. He is also a Principal Scientist at the Institute of Occupational Medicine, one of the longest-established independent occupational and environmental health research institutes in the world.Sean E. Semple is Associate Professor, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, UK. His research in human exposure science focuses on the health effects of indoor air pollution, occupational epidemiology, air quality measurement, and workplace inhalation hazards.Marie A. Coggins is a Lecturer at the School of Physics and a member of the Centre for One Health at the Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. She is Academic Director for the NUI, Galway professional accredited BSc Environmental Health and Safety programme. The Exposure Science research group that she leads focuses on human exposure to occupational and environmental pollutants, including indoor air quality in energy efficient buildings.