Modern Raman Spectroscopy: A Practical Approach

ISBN-13: 9781119440550 / Angielski / Twarda / 2019 / 256 str.

Ewen Smith; Geoffrey Dent

Spis treści

Preface ixAcknowledgements xiChapter 1 Introduction, Basic Theory and Principles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 History 21.3 Basic Theory 21.4 Molecular Vibrations 81.5 Group Vibrations 111.6 Basic Interpretation of a Spectrum 131.7 Summary 19Chapter 2 The Raman Experiment - Raman Instrumentation, Sample Presentation, Data Handling and Practical Aspects of Interpretation 212.1 Introduction 212.2 Choice of Instrument 222.3 Transmission Raman Scattering and Spatially Offset Raman Scattering 292.4 Raman Sample Preparation and Handling 302.4.1 Sample Mounting - Optical Considerations 312.4.2 Raman Sample Handling 342.5 Sample Mounting Accessories 402.5.1 Small Fibres, Films, Liquids and Powders 402.5.2 Variable Temperature and Pressure Cells 402.5.3 Special Applications - Thin Films, Surfaces and Catalysts 422.5.4 Reaction Cells, Flow Through Cells, Sample Changers and Automated Mounts 442.6 Fibre-Optic Coupling and Wave Guides 452.7 Microscopy 492.7.1 Raman Microscopes 492.7.2 Depth Profiling 512.7.3 Imaging and Mapping 512.8 Calibration 562.9 Data Manipulation, Presentation and Quantitation 592.9.1 Manipulation of Spectra for Presentation 592.9.2 Presentation of Spectra 632.9.3 Quantitation 642.10 An Approach to Qualitative Interpretation 662.10.1 Factors to Consider in the Interpretation of a Raman Spectrum of an Unknown Sample 672.10.1.1 Knowledge of the Sample and Sample Preparation Effects 682.10.1.2 Instrument and Software Effects 692.10.1.3 The Spectrum 692.10.2 Computer-Aided Spectrum Interpretation 702.10.3 Spectra Formats for Transfer and Exchange of Data 732.11 Summary 74Chapter 3 The Theory of Raman Spectroscopy 773.1 Introduction 773.2 Absorption and Scattering 783.3 States of a System and Hooke's Law 793.4 The Basic Selection Rule 823.5 Number and Symmetry of Vibrations 833.6 The Mutual Exclusion Rule 843.7 Understanding Polarizability 853.8 Polarizability and the Measurement of Polarization 893.9 Symmetry Elements and Point Groups 933.10 Lattice Modes 973.11 Summary 98Chapter 4 Resonance Raman Scattering 1014.1 Introduction 1014.2 The Basic Process 1024.3 Key Differences Between Resonance and Normal Raman Scattering 1024.3.1 Intensity Increase 1034.3.2 Franck Condon and Herzberg Teller Scattering 1054.3.3 Overtones 1084.3.4 Wavelength Dependence 1094.3.5 Electronic Information 1114.4 Practical Aspects 1134.5 Summary 116Chapter 5 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering 1195.1 Introduction 1195.2 Electromagnetic and Charge Transfer Enhancement 1235.2.1 Electromagnetic Enhancement 1245.2.2 Charge Transfer or Chemical Enhancement 1285.2.3 Stages in the SERS Process 1335.3 Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) 1345.4 Selection Rules 1355.5 Surface Chemistry 1375.6 Substrates 1395.7 Quantitation and Multiplex Detection 1455.8 Summary 147Chapter 6 Applications 1516.1 Introduction 1516.2 Inorganics and Minerals and Environmental Analysis 1516.3 Art and Archaeology 1566.4 Polymers and Emulsions 1586.4.1 Overview 1586.4.2 Simple Qualitative Polymer Studies 1586.4.3 Quantitative Polymer Studies 1626.5 Dyes and Pigments 1636.5.1 Raman Colour Probes 1636.5.2 In Situ Analysis 1646.5.3 Raman Studies of Tautomerism in Azo Dyes 1676.5.4 Polymorphism in Dyes 1686.6 Electronics Applications 1696.7 Biological and Clinical Applications 1746.7.1 Introduction 1746.8 Pharmaceuticals 1766.9 Forensic Applications 1806.10 Process Analysis and Reaction Following 1836.10.1 Introduction 1836.10.2 Electronics and Semiconductors 1836.10.3 PCl3 Production Monitoring 1846.10.4 Anatase and Rutile Forms of Titanium Dioxide 1846.10.5 Polymers and Emulsions 1856.10.6 Pharmaceutical Industry 1866.10.7 Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis/Combinatorial Chemistry 1866.10.8 Fermentations 1886.10.9 Gases 1886.10.10 Catalysts 1886.10.11 Nuclear Industry 1916.11 Summary 191Chapter 7 More Advanced Raman Scattering Techniques 1997.1 Introduction 1997.2 Flexible Optics 2007.3 Spatial Resolution 2047.4 Pulsed and Tunable Lasers 2077.5 Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering and SNOM 2147.6 Single-Molecule Detection 2167.7 Time-Resolved Scattering 2187.8 Fluorescence Rejection 2227.9 Raman Optical Activity 2227.10 UV Excitation 2237.11 Summary 227Appendix A Table of Inorganic Band Positions 229Index 233

O autorze

Ewen Smith, Emeritus Professor, University of Strathclyde, UK.Geoffrey Dent, GD Analytical Consulting, and University of Manchester, UK.