Modern Electricity Systems: Engineering, Operations, and Policy to Address Human and Environmental Needs

ISBN-13: 9781119793496 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 350 str.

William Poppert

Recenzje

The authors have leveraged their combined 70 years of experience in the energy sector to develop a book that is unique among treatments of modern electric energy systems. It integrates engineering methods and concepts, financial requirements, business perspectives, policy drivers, and social implications to provide readers with a deep and broad understanding of the electric power industry in the US and around the world. The book begins by addressing basics of power systems engineering and engineering economics and state-of-the-art technical developments together with the influence of current events.It provides an excellent treatment of wholesale energy markets both in the US and abroad, together with fundamentals of regulatory policy, including how policy is shaped by various institutions. A technically sound and very readable description of "how does the power system work" initiates new learners, while a treatment of recent changes, including high renewable growth, offers substantive insights for seasoned experts. Advanced energy market concepts related to ancillary services, reliability, investment, and capacity markets are clearly explained.The book appropriately concludes by defining energy poverty and describing the need for nations worldwide to direct policy formation towards addressing this complex subject. This book is a must-read for all energy sector engineers and policy makers. It is also an exceptionally useful book for university coursework at both the senior undergraduate and graduate levels.James McCalleyDistinguished ProfessorIowa State University-------------------------------------------------------------It is a unique book that holistically brings together the pressing issues in modern electricity systems. The authors begin with fundaments of electrical engineering, economics, and tradeoffs made in real-life planning and operations. The subsequent chapters explain the role of people and institutions, energy poverty, the actual workings of power systems, wholesale, retail, and local energy markets, their relevance now, and their future direction. I especially liked the diversity of global examples in this book. For example, the book discusses Nepali power cuts and their solution in Chapters 3 and 10, highlights the importance of local innovation "City Safari" in Chapter 10, and provides examples/exercise in investment in renewable hydrogen in Chapters 5 and 7. In all, they introduce technical 'Tools' to address opportunities and issues around modern electrical systems.Their combined international, diverse experience is the secrete sauce for making this book readable and timely. It is a must-read for engineers, policymakers, managers, and other professionals working in the electrical energy sector.Prof Dr. Bhola ThapaVice Chancellor, Kathmandu University, Nepal

Spis treści

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsAbout the Authors1 Essentials of Power and ControlAbstract 2Keywords 21.1 Introduction 31.2 Basic Principles of Power and Control 41.2.1 Energy and Power 51.2.2 Voltage, Current, and Impedance 81.2.3 Alternating Current Vs. Direct Current 101.2.4 Single Phase vs. Multiphase 131.2.5 Active, Reactive, Apparent Power and Power Factor 151.3 Control Overview 191.4 Power Generation and Grid: Operation and Control 211.5 Generation Dispatch and Balancing the System 231.6 Transmission and Distribution Network 241.6.1 Transmission Network 251.6.2 Distribution System 261.6.3 One Line or Single Line Diagram 271.7 Wholesale and Retails Markets 281.7.1 Wholesale Market 291.7.2 Retail Market 341.8 Smart Meters 401.9 Distributed Generation and Grid Edge 431.9.1 Microgrids in Kenya and Other Locations 431.9.2 Microgrids in the United States 441.9.3 Flexibility Services in Europe 451.9.4 Virtual Power Plants in Australia 461.10 Changes in the Grid 461.11 Visioning 47Index 482 Basic Discounting and Levelized Costs ConceptsAbstract 3Keywords 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Fundamentals 62.2.1 Cashflow and Discount Rate 62.2.2 Market Failures and Externalities 92.2.3 Tax and Subsidy 112.2.3.1 Carbon Tax 122.2.3.2 Subsidy 142.2.4 Present Value and Future Value 172.2.5 Risk and Risk Management 192.2.5.1 Identification 202.2.5.2 Assessment 212.2.5.3 Mitigation 212.3 Simple Applications 232.3.1 Simple Payback 242.3.2 Return on Investment 242.3.3 Gross Margin 252.3.4 Net Present Value 262.3.5 Levelized Costs 262.3.7 Lifecycle cost 282.3.8 Supply and Demand 292.4 Extended Applications 322.4.1 Wholesale market 322.4.2 Retail Market 392.4.3 Local Electricity Market 412.5 Visioning 42Index 433 Modern Electrical Engineering Systems, Current Events," Crises," and TradeoffsAbstract: 2Keywords: 23.1 Introduction: Tradeoffs, Crises, and Notable Current Events 23.2 Current Events, Crises, and Tradeoffs 53.2.1 Extreme weather and Climate events need Resilient and Diverse grid - Texas Power Crisis 2021 63.2.2 Wholesale Electricity Markets and their manipulations - big banks to wall street darlings 93.2.3 Systematic Energy Crisis - Nepal's Energy Poverty 123.2.4 Europe and Natural Gas: Increasing dependence on single resource -. Policies to achieve clean energy targets are not simple. 163.2.5 Pandemic's Impacts on electrical systems - Energy supply crunch and sudden change in electrical demand. 183.3 Tradeoffs 193.3.1 Green Energy Choices vs. Conventional Energy Choices 203.3.2 Regulation vs. Deregulation 243.3.3 Reliability vs. Costs 273.4 Crises and Tradeoffs mapping 293.5 Visioning 33Index 364 Introduction to Influence of Wholesale Energy Markets in policy and pricing discussionsAbstract 3Keywords 34.1. Introduction 34.1.1. True market proponents believe in market-based solutions to enable energy transformation 44.1.2. It is energy markets, not electricity markets 44.1.3. The United States Regional Transmission Organization developments 54.1.4. International energy market developments 54.1.5. Don't expect a policy to lead energy markets 64.1.6. Finally, energy markets are fascinating and complex 64.2. Do energy markets influence policy? 74.3. How does policy benefit market operations? 84.4. Joining an energy market is a decision not to be taken lightly ("On-Ramp" of the market setup costs) 84.4.1. The benefit to cost studies 94.4.2. Energy Imbalance Markets 94.4.3. Value Proposition studies 114.4.4. Regulatory Compliance and Audits 124.5. States with multiple RTOs 134.5.1. Texas has 3 RTOs - Electric Reliability Council Of Texas, Southwest Power Pool, and Midcontinent Independent System Operator 134.5.2. Missouri - Southwest Power Pool and Midcontinent Independent System Operator 144.5.3. Illinois - Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection and Midcontinent Independent System Operator 144.5.4. States with multiple RTOs creates "Seams" issues 154.5.5. Joint and Common Market - Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland Interconnection and Midcontinent Independent System Operator effort 154.6. Other organized wholesale markets 154.6.1. Australia 164.6.2. Germany 184.6.3. Vietnam 194.6.4. Nepal (Potential) 204.6.5. Africa (Potential) 214.7. Leaving energy markets is a decision not to be taken lightly ("Off-Ramp") 234.7.1. First Energy and Duke Energy Ohio left MISO 234.7.2. New Jersey threatened to leave PJM's Capacity Market 244.8. States or Countries without RTOs 244.8.1. Who maintains reliability? 254.8.2. How are capacity needs assessed? 254.8.3. How are transmission needs assessed? 264.8.4. Capacity Benefit Margin is relevant in states without RTOs similar to locational capacity needs in states with RTOs 274.8.5. Some transmission planning concepts continue to be relevant for the market to non-market regional purposes 284.8.6. And energy markets added new metrics to continue to show the importance of transmission investments 294.8.7. Transmission planning and capacity markets are intertwined 304.9. Cost Allocation of Transmission projects 314.9.1. Reliability Project Cost Calculation 334.9.2. Economic Project Cost Calculation 334.9.3. Adjusted Production Cost Calculation 354.9.4. Public Policy Project Cost Calculation 364.10. Visioning - 37INDEX 395 How to put together a regulatory policy by following a process5.1. Introduction 35.2. What is a regulatory policy? 45.2.2. What about the influence on energy policy and regulatory actions in developing countries and fragile economies? 75.3. Different flavors of regulatory policy in the electric utility industry 85.3.1. A utility's regulatory policy for emerging technology is going to look different than the utility's strategy for an existing technology 85.3.2. The regulatory policy is going to look different in regions that have organized markets than the regions that don't 105.3.3. Regulatory policy for an IOU is different compared to a CCA 105.3.4. Regulatory policy for consumer advocates is going to be different than utilities 115.3.5. A utility's regulatory policy for industrial customers is different than consumer advocates or residential Customers 115.3.6. The regulatory policy for an Independent Transmission Company (ITC) is different than a Transmission Owner (TO) 115.3.7. Regulatory policy for a specific supply-side fuel such as Nuclear fuel is in a class by itself 125.3.8. A demand-side regulatory policy such as Demand Response 125.3.9. A regulatory policy with a compliance purpose 135.3.10. A technology provider's regulatory policy is going to look different than a national laboratory's policy 135.3.11. Regulatory policy drives partnerships 145.3.12. So, how do we know the regulatory policy is working? 145.4. There are five steps in any regulatory policy process 155.4.1. First, understand the customers of this process 165.4.2. Second, understand the output from the regulatory process. 165.4.3. Third, understand the regulatory process. 185.4.4. Fourth, understand the Inputs to the process. 195.4.5. Fifth, understand the Stakeholders in this regulatory process. 205.4.6. Applying the five steps to the Dynamic Line Rating (DLR) policy context 205.4.7. Applying the five steps to the Australian policy context 215.5. How does regulatory policy drive legislative affairs? 215.6. Additional examples of regulatory policy driving regulatory success 225.6.1. Salvation Army's Heat program 235.6.2. Example of IOU listening to stakeholder comments in Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) proceedings 235.6.3. Narrative about Citizen and Industry group influence on renewable standards 245.7. How does regulatory policy drive individual participation in industry communications? 265.7.1. How do you know you had a successful event? 275.8. Visioning 29INDEX 306 How institutions shape energy policyAbstract 3Keywords 36.1. Introduction 36.2. Strategic Action Field Framework for Policy 76.3. What are the major institutions in US energy policy? 106.3.1. US Congress 126.3.2. Department of Energy (DOE) 166.3.3. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) and Independent System Operator (ISO) 186.3.4. Independent Market Monitors 206.3.5. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 216.3.6. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) 226.3.7. Federal Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) 236.3.8. State Legislatures (Senate and House) 246.3.9. Public Utility Commissions (PUC) 246.3.10. National Association of Utility Regulatory Commissioners (NARUC) 266.3.11. The role of local city governments 266.3.12. Energy advocates role in US policy 276.3.13. Stakeholder working group's role in setting US energy policy 286.3.14. Associations & Alliances role in policy 306.3.15. Summary of US institutions 316.4. What are the major institutions in international energy policy? 326.4.1. Examples from strong economies 336.4.1.1 European Union (EU) 336.4.1.2. European Commission (EC) 336.4.1.3. International Energy Agency (IEA) 336.4.1.4. World Energy Council (WEC) 346.4.1.5. European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E) 346.4.1.6. Australia 356.4.1.7 Energy Regulators Regional Association (ERRA) 396.4.1.8. China 396.4.2. Examples from Fragile Economies 416.4.2.1 Nepal 416.4.2.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo 446.4.3. Examples from the private sector 456.4.12. Summary of International institutions 466.5. The role of Climate Change/Low Carbon/Renewable Energy regulations, goals, and pledges in setting policy 476.6. The role of courts 486.7. Visioning 50INDEX 537 How does the power system work?Abstract: 3Keywords: 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Guiding Principles for a Power System 57.3 Schematic of the modern energy system 67.4 Governing bodies and actors 87.5 Power System 87.5.1 Energy Management Systems 97.5.1.1 Generation Management 97.5.1.2 Transmission 137.5.1.3 Distribution 157.5.1.3.1 Distributed Energy Resource Management (DERMS 167.5.1.3.2 Head-End Systems (HES 187.5.1.3.3 Meter Data Management 197.5.1.3.4 Customer Information Systems (CIS) 207.5.1.3.5 Virtual Power Plant 217.5.1.3.6 Peer to Peer Trading and Flexibilities System 247.5.2 Market Management 257.6 High-level architecture and redundancies of the systems above 267.6.1 Cybersecurity 277.6.2 Change Management of Software Changes 287.7 Advanced Concepts of Power and Control 307.7.1 Power Flow 307.7.1.1 Transmission 307.7.1.2 Distribution 317.7.2 State Estimation 327.7.2.1 Transmission 327.7.2.2 Distribution 327.7.3 Contingency Analysis 337.7.4 Fault Management 347.7.4.1 Transmission 347.7.4.2 Distribution 357.7.5 Volt-Var-Watt control 377.7.6 Optimal Network Reconfiguration 377.7.6.1 Transmission 387.7.6.2 Distribution 387.7.7 Supervisory Control 387.7.8 Outage Management 397.7.8.1 Unplanned Outage 407.7.8.2 Planned Outage/Work 407.7.9 Asset Management 417.7.10 Automatic Generation Control 417.7.10.2 Unit Commitment 427.7.10.3 Reserve Calculations 427.7.11 Market Operations 437.7.12 Model Management and Digital Twin 437.7.13 Dynamic Line Rating 447.7.14 Other Basic Control 457.8 Power System 467.8.1 Long Term Planning 477.8.2 Medium Term Planning 477.8.3 Short Term Planning 477.8.4 Operational 477.9 Visioning 49Index 518 How are changes to Power generation operation and control relevant todayAbstract 2Keywords: 28.1 Introduction 28.1.1 What is happening in the current power systems? What shall drive the future changes? 68.1.1.1 The costs of renewables are declining 68.1.1.2 The sectors are more coupled 118.1.1.3 Energy security, reliability, and resiliency goals are more important 138.1.1.4 Innovations and the Internet of Things (IoT) are opening newer doors 158.1.1.5 The customers are becoming more aware 178.1.1.6 New actors like the aggregators are emerging 178.1.2 What did we learn? How is this relevant today and for the future of the power systems? 278.1.3 Pathways to make informed decisions for the future of the power system 298.1.3.1 Transformation into an unleased Distribution System Operator (DSO) 298.1.3.2 Encouraging (re) innovation for cleaner restructuring 328.1.4 Newer Elements of the Power System 338.1.4.1 Mini and Microgrid and their roles in Top-down and bottom-up electrifications 338.1.4.2 The aggregator is the new actor 348.1.4.3 Peer to Peer (P2P) Trading and Localized Energy Markets (LEMs) 368.1.5 Innovation and the Power System 378.2 Visioning 40Index 429 Influence of Wholesale Energy Markets in policy and pricing discussions9.1. Introduction 39.2. How do energy markets coordinate reliability? 79.2.1. What past reliability issues from energy markets have influenced policy? 89.2.2. Balancing inverter-based resources is the future for operations in energy markets 99.3. How do energy markets facilitate grid investments? 119.3.1. What major events have influenced transmission policies? 129.3.2. DERs, Energy Storage and Off-Shore Wind, drive the future grid investments in energy markets 179.3.2.1. Modeling Energy Storage is increasingly relevant in transmission planning 209.4. An introduction to capacity markets 219.5. How do capacity markets ensure reliability? 239.5.1. How do reliability assessments inform capacity markets? 259.5.2. The future role of operations in capacity markets depends on how well DERs and other emerging technologies perform in the next 5-10 years 289.6. How do capacity markets facilitate grid investments? 299.6.1. Past transmission planning experience may not be relevant for the future capacity markets. 299.6.2. Generator Interconnection reform is the future for transmission planning in capacity markets 299.6.2.1. Multiple engineering studies 309.6.2.2. Negotiation 329.6.2.3. Construction 339.7. An introduction to Ancillary Services Markets 369.7.1. Operating Reserve Demand Curve (ORDC) 419.8. How Ancillary Services markets ensure reliability? 449.8.1. A single entity administrating ancillary services provides benefits to consumers. 469.8.2. Real-Time Co-Optimization is the future for operations in A/S markets 489.9. How do A/S Markets facilitate grid investments? 509.9.1. Past transmission planning experience may not be relevant for the future A/S markets. 509.9.2. More A/S market products would be needed in the future 519.10. Visioning 5410 Energy policy should include consideration of Energy povertyAbstract 3Keywords 310.1. Introduction 310.2. Energy Poverty definition 510.2.1. Energy Accessibility 510.2.2. Energy Quality Attributes 610.2.3. Multiple definitions of energy poverty 810.2.4. Developed and partially developed countries with Energy Poverty and Social Justice Issues 910.3. Hierarchy Model of Energy Attributes and Access 1110.4. Importance of Energy Poverty mitigation as a priority in the eyes of international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) 1410.4.1. The World Bank definition 1510.4.2. Energy poverty progress 1510.5. Significant drivers for energy poverty 1610.5.1. Energy Poverty links with basic needs 1610.5.2. No one driver for energy poverty 1710.5.3. Historical and current socioeconomic drivers for energy poverty 1810.6. Energy poverty and ties to Thermal and, Cooking and Food energy 1810.6.1. The need for multiple cooking and heating fuels 1910.6.2. Energy Poverty and access to basic human and infrastructure needs 2010.7. Why is energy poverty a significant issue now, more than ever? 2010.7.1. Specific Experiences in Fragile Economies and the Global South 2010.7.2. Need for Ongoing Data 2210.7.3. The role of social media 2210.7.4. Energy and safety, disproportionate effect on women, entrepreneurship, and energy 2210.7.5. Energy Choice and Growth 2310.8. Can wholesale energy markets help solve energy poverty? 2310.8.1. Wholesale markets provide price transparency and non-discriminatory access to transmission 2410.8.2. Market operators forecast future needs 2510.8.3. Phased manner of market adoption and market startup costs 2510.8.4. Power pool members in the global south are ideal candidates 2610.8.5. Role of an independent board of directors 2610.9. If there is no political will or economic driver for the wholesale markets, can proper retail reforms be the solution? 2710.9.1. Industrial and Commercial customers guaranteed tariff 2710.9.2. Residential customers tariff 2810.9.3. Natural gas is the bridge fuel 2810.9.4. Smart Meters role in reducing energy demand and consumption 2910.9.5. Energy Subsidy should make way for Distribution System Operator 3010.10. Can we get rid of energy poverty in our lifetime? 3010.10.1. Energy Access - focus on power generation need 3010.10.2. Energy Access - focus on the transmission system 3210.10.3. Energy Access - focus on the Distribution system 3310.1.1. Energy Quality - focus on the Data Institution Model (DIM) framework 3410.1.1. Innovation for Energy Access and Quality - Examples 3510.2. Visioning 37INDEX 39

O autorze

Vivek Bhandari, Ph.D., PE. SMIEEE is a Director at a multinational software company. He is responsible for providing end-to-end global leadership for the software solutions related to Distributed Energy Resource Management.Rao Konidena, MBA founded Rakon Energy LLC, USA, and most recently was the Midcontinent ISO (MISO) as Principal Advisor for Policy Studies, working on energy storage and distributed energy resources.William (Bill) Poppert, MBA is a 30-year veteran of the energy sector based in the US, where he has worked, in the US and internationally, in the operation, design, financing, and development of energy projects programs and businesses.