Megatrends in Food and Agriculture: Technology, Water Use and Nutrition

ISBN-13: 9781119391142 / Angielski / Twarda / 2018 / 336 str.

Traitler, Helmut; Zilberman, David; Heikes, Keith

Opis

This is the first book of its kind to connect food and the food industry with agriculture, water resources and management in a detailed and thorough way. Most existing publications do not often consider all three elements as highly interconnected as they really are: agriculture is the source of all food, basic or sophisticated, homemade, chef-made or industrial, and water plays a very existential role in the equation. This book brings together a small community of expert authors on to address the future of the food industry, agriculture (both for plants and animals) and water and its role in a world of diminishing resources that we face today.
The introductory chapter highlights the role of agriculture in today's food industry from a historical perspective as it has grown over decades and centuries. Whilst traditionally agriculture's output was the sole provider for the food industry, a more recent sophistication of the supplier industry has led to the development of a vast panoply of ingredients of all kinds from flavors, aromas, textures, stabilizers to nutritional and health functionalities. This has made the interactions not only very complex but intrinsically so interwoven that even the slightest changes in one part of the chain can lead to big and important knock-on effects in other parts, such as for instance in areas such as vitamins and minerals that may heavily influence stability and shelf life of a particular industrially manufactured food item.
If agriculture is to become again the main provider for food and the food industry it is important that it changes the ways in which it operates today. Scarcity of water in many traditional areas of agricultural production and output must lead to important considerations in mainly two areas: first, how agriculture manages its infrastructure and crop selection and secondly, how we can manage water and its availability for agriculture in better and more efficient ways. This includes topics such as principles of water management at farm levels but equally thoughts on expanding water supply through affordable and sustainable desalination and water reuse.
New ways of plant breeding that are not based on genetic modification pathways are discussed and highlighted in this book and the unhealthy balance of attention between the major crops (soy, corn, wheat, etc.) versus so called "orphan crops" (coffee, cocoa, tropical fruits, etc.) and its economic consequences are analyzed and discussed. An important part in this equation is played by the animal agriculture and the role it plays and will play supplying the world population with relevant and sufficient proteins in sustainable ways.
The book then turns towards the topic of the future of the food industry and analyzes and discusses areas such as major food trends, the new food, "enough" food and attempts to shine some light on the "minority trends" that are proposed as saviors not only of a potentially looming food crisis but also suggested improved public and individual health of populations at large.
An important discussion is conducted on possible new business models for the food industry of the future that include topics such as migrating from B2C (business to consumers) to B2B (business to business) as well as the suggested transformation from solely manufacturing and selling products to increasingly selling know-how as the future core business of the food industry.
Alongside the new possible business models the role of the "internet of just about everything" is discussed and analyzed in this book and the impact that it has and will increasingly have on agriculture and the food industry.
It is suggested that nutrition, whether in the form of products or know-how will play an increasingly important role both in agriculture as well as food, and especially industrially manufactured food.
Finally the book will propose scenarios about how agriculture and food and the food industry might undergo some radical transformations. Some of them are already visible, such as personalization and "communization" and others further out, such as convergence of agriculture, food and the production of energy in sustainable and, most importantly, affordable ways.
The book concludes with a summary and outlook that has one goal in mind: considering the future of agriculture and the food industry in combination with possible actionable proposals.

Spis treści

Foreword xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Part 1 Agriculture and the Food Industry 1

1 The Role of Agriculture in Today s Food Industry 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.1 The Four Building Blocks 4

1.1.2 Some History of Agriculture 5

1.1.3 Eat More and Increase the Likelihood for Survival 6

1.1.4 Food Can Be Grown and Plants Can Be Bred: What s Next? 7

1.1.5 From Very Old to Rather Recent Food ]Preservation Techniques 9

1.2 Agriculture: The Main Supplier to the Food Industry 10

1.2.1 Artificial Ingredients 10

1.2.2 The Main Raw Material Sources 11

1.2.3 Milk s the Star 12

1.2.4 Milk What Else? 13

1.2.5 Other Excursions from Food 14

1.2.6 Noncompeting Alternatives 15

1.3 Agriculture s New Role in Light of Food and Health 16

1.3.1 Decades of Food Safety Rules and Regulations 18

1.3.2 More Rules: What Do We Do? 20

1.3.3 Raw Materials and Processes Become More Sophisticated 21

1.4 Most Likely Drivers for Change in the Agriculture Industry 23

1.5 Summary and Major Learning 25

References 27

2 Water Management in Modern Agriculture: The Role of Water and Water Management in Agriculture and Industry 29

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Multiple Dimensions of Water 30

2.3 On the Evolution of Water Institutions and Policies 33

2.4 Reforming Water ]Resource Management at the Micro ]Level (Farm and Field) 35

2.5 Reforming Regional Water ]Allocation Regimes 38

2.6 Improved Water Project Design 42

2.7 Improved Water Quality 43

2.8 Climate Change 44

2.9 Summary and Major Learning 46

References 47

3 Innovation in Plant Breeding for a Sustainable Supply of High ]Quality Plant Raw Materials for the Food Industry 53

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 Challenges for Future Agricultures and Food Industries 54

3.2.1 Strongly Growing Food Needs 54

3.2.2 Energy Issues 56

3.3 Genetic ]Based Techniques for Plant Breeding in the Context of Agricultural Production 59

3.3.1 Genetic Innovation and Agronomic Practices 59

3.3.2 The Process of Plant Breeding and Its Main Limitations 61

3.3.3 Preliminary Conclusions 67

3.4 Trends: Shift in Allocation of Resources to Global Needs? 68

3.4.1 Methodology 68

3.4.2 Analysis of Investment in Seed Research and Development 69

3.4.3 Analysis of Deviations and Distortions of R&D Investments and Production Volumes 71

3.5 A First Set of Conclusions and Recommendations 77

3.6 Summary and Major Learning 80

3.7 Appendix Tables 81

References 85

4 The Agriculture of Animals: Animal Proteins of the Future as Valuable and Sustainable Sources for the Food Industry 87

4.1 Livestock and Animal Husbandry 87

4.1.1 How We Got to Now 88

4.2 Animals: A Source of High ]Quality Proteins 89

4.3 Animal Protein Demand in Emerging Markets 90

4.4 Optimal Animal Welfare: Sustainable, Humane, and Healthy 93

4.4.1 Animal Production Increase 95

4.5 Animal ]Breeding Programs 97

4.5.1 Genomic Breeding of Animals 98

4.6 The Use of Big Data for Management and Genetic Evaluations 102

4.7 Summary and Major Learning 106

References 108

Part 2 The Future of the Food Industry 109

5 The Food Trends The New Food Enough Food? 111

5.1 Historical Food Trends: From Then to Now 111

5.1.1 Food and Beverages during the Period of Classical Greece 111

5.1.2 Food and Beverages in the Roman Empire 113

5.1.3 Food in Medieval Times in Central Europe 115

5.1.4 From European Renaissance and Enlightenment to the First Industrial Revolution 118

5.1.5 Food in the 20th Century: The Real Food Revolution 121

5.2 Present ]Day Food Fashions and Trends: A Never ]Ending Story 124

5.2.1 Food and Nutrition Trends: A Story of Perception, Deception, and Beliefs 125

5.3 New Food Sources: New Protein Sources 128

5.3.1 Insects: A New Food Source? 129

5.3.2 Increased Food Security through Exploiting New Protein Sources 130

5.3.3 A Crazy Idea for Other Food Sources: Beyond Proteins 131

5.4 Vegetarian Food and Its Potential Societal and Economic Impact 132

5.5 Urban Gardening and Urban Agriculture 134

5.5.1 The Urban Bee ]Highways 136

5.6 Summary and Major Learning 137

References 138

6 The New Food Industry Business Model: From B2C to B2B, from Product Manufacture to Selling Know ]How, and from Now to Then 141

6.1 The Old: Develop, Manufacture, and Sell ( Demase ) 141

6.1.1 The Fall of the Righteous 142

6.2 The New: The Customer Is King, the Consumer Is an Enabler, and from B2C to B2B 144

6.2.1 Slotting Allowance 145

6.2.2 Retailers Become the Most Important Partners for Food and Beverage Companies 146

6.2.3 How This Could Work: A Possible Path and Examples 147

6.3 From Selling Products to Selling Know ]How 150

6.3.1 The Knowledge ]Centric Company 152

6.3.2 Engaging, Interacting, and Selling: The New Etiquette 154

6.4 The Community of Consumers: It s What They Want that Counts! 155

6.4.1 The Consumers Become Involved 158

6.5 Food ]Related Trends and Hypes in Today s Societies: An Outlook to the Future 161

6.6 Summary and Major Learning 163

References 165

7 The Internet of Just about Everything: Impact on Agriculture and Food Industry 167

7.1 Modern Cooking: Forward to the Past 167

7.1.1 The Role of Robotics and Connectivity 169

7.2 Everything Is Online and Everyone Is Online All the Time 171

7.3 Food and Agriculture: The New Hardware and Software 174

7.3.1 Big Data Are Here to Stay 176

7.3.2 Agriculture and Space Science: The New Connection 176

7.3.3 Impact on the Food Industry and the Consumer in the Middle 178

7.4 An Attempt at Peaking Ahead: Will There Still Be an Agriculture or Food Industry? 179

7.4.1 Bigger Is Not Always Better 180

7.4.2 Elements that Will Stay and Others that Might Disappear 182

7.5 Summary and Major Learning 186

References 189

8 Nutrition: The Old Mantra the New Un ]Word 191

8.1 Nutrition: What s All the Fuss about? 191

8.1.1 The Hottest New Food Trends 192

8.1.2 The Debate Continues: What s Good and What s Not Good for You? 195

8.1.3 And Here We Go Again: Fasting Can Do You an Awful Lot of Good 196

8.1.4 A Few Simple Tips When It Comes to Healthy and Happy Eating 197

8.2 A Bit of Nutrition History 198

8.2.1 Low and Reduced, Lower and Reduced ]Er : Low or Reduced Fat 202

8.2.2 Low or Reduced Salt 203

8.2.3 Low or Reduced Sugar and No Sugar 204

8.2.4 Low Saturated Fats, Good Monounsaturated Fats, More Polyunsaturated Fats, and Lots of 3 Fats 206

8.3 Typical Nutrition Controversies 208

8.3.1 So Many Recommendations Too Many? 208

8.3.2 More Controversies 210

8.4 Food and Claims, Food and Benefits 211

8.5 Summary and Major Learning 214

References 217

Part 3 The New Food World 219

9 A Food Company Transforms Itself 221

9.1 The Not ]So ]New Realities 221

9.1.1 Automation Is Here For Quite Some Time Actually 223

9.1.2 The Novel Directions in Food and Agriculture are Governed by Regulatory Involvement 225

9.1.3 All ]Natural Industrial Food Products: The Way Forward? 226

9.2 From Product to Know ]How Seller: An Encore 227

9.2.1 Some Assumptions as to How This May Function 228

9.2.2 What are Possible Consequences for Food Ingredient Suppliers? 230

9.3 Anticipating the Inevitable: Possible Scenarios 234

9.3.1 Possible Future Models and Scenarios 238

9.3.2 The Return Of Medical Food? 239

9.4 Reality or Fiction? Reality and Fiction! 241

9.4.1 A New Manufacturing Reality 242

9.5 Summary and Major Learning 244

References 246

10 Food for the Future: A Future for Food 247

10.1 Proactive Agriculture 247

10.1.1 What If Agriculture Anticipated Real Food Requirements and Trends? 249

10.2 Democratized Agriculture 252

10.2.1 Agrihood 253

10.2.2 Permaculture 254

10.2.3 From Large to Small 259

10.2.4 The Growing Role of Urban Agriculture: Self ]Centeredness or Community Driven? 261

10.3 Agriculture and Food Manufacture in Exotic Places 264

10.3.1 An Ice Cream Factory in Greenland? 265

10.3.2 A Chocolate Factory in Ghana? 266

10.4 A Future for Food 269

10.4.1 What about the Role of Restaurants? 269

10.4.2 Pet Food Is Food, Too 270

10.4.3 Will We Eat Food in Pill Format? 271

10.5 Summary and Major Learning 273

References 274

11 Summary and Outlook 277

11.1 Introduction 277

11.1.1 The Role of Agriculture in Today s Food Industry 278

11.1.2 Food ]Preservation Techniques 279

11.1.3 Agriculture Is the Main Raw Material Supplier to Be Transformed to Food 280

11.1.4 Nonfood Uses of Agricultural Raw Materials 280

11.1.5 Agriculture in a World of Rules and Regulations 280

11.1.6 Food Raw Materials and Process Became More Sophisticated and Complex 281

11.2 Water Management in Modern Agriculture 281

11.2.1 The Water Reform 282

11.2.2 Water Productivity 282

11.2.3 Water ]Related Government Policies 283

11.2.4 Getting It Right: Policies and Price 283

11.2.5 Controlling Water Quality 284

11.3 Innovation in Plant Breeding: High ]Quality Plant Raw Materials for the Food Industry 285

11.3.1 Agricultural Plant Output: The Essential Raw Material Source for the Food Industry 285

11.3.2 Demand Forecast Based on Food Requirements 285

11.3.3 Genetic Improvement of Cultivated Crops 285

11.3.4 The Major Crops versus Orphan Crops 286

11.4 The Agriculture of Animals: Valuable and Sustainable Sources for the Food Industry 286

11.4.1 Growing Population: Growing Amount of Livestock 287

11.4.2 Animal Health and Intensive Farming 287

11.4.3 Animal Breeding 287

11.4.4 Good Farm Management: Good Data Management 288

11.5 The Food Trends the New Food Enough Food? 288

11.5.1 Food and Beverage Fashions and Trends of the Past 289

11.5.2 The Real Food Revolution of the 20th Century 289

11.5.3 Present ]Day Food and Nutrition Trends 290

11.5.4 New Food Sources: New Protein Sources 290

11.5.5 Vegetarian Food and Its Impact on Society 291

11.5.6 The Role of Urban Agriculture and Bees 291

11.6 New Business Models for the Food Industry 292

11.6.1 From Consumer Is King to Customer Is King : Retailers Become Real Partners 292

11.6.2 Good ]Bye to Selling Products and Hello to Selling Know ]How 293

11.6.3 Consumers Become Involved 294

11.7 The Internet of Just about Everything and What This Means for Agriculture and Food 295

11.7.1 Modern Cooking: A Brief Look to the Past 295

11.7.2 Robotics and Connectivity 296

11.7.3 Food and Agriculture: Big Data 296

11.7.4 Will There Still Be Agriculture and Food Industries? 297

11.7.5 What Will Remain, and What Will Disappear? 297

11.8 Nutrition: What Else? 299

11.8.1 Healthy and Happy Eating 299

11.8.2 A Short History of Nutrition 300

11.8.3 Nutrition Controversies 301

11.8.4 Claims and Benefits 302

11.9 The Company Transforms Itself 302

11.9.1 The Role of Automation: Threat or Blessing? 303

11.9.2 Regulatory Involvement in the Industry 303

11.9.3 The New Business Model 2.1 304

11.9.4 Scenarios of Relevance for Food and Agriculture 304

11.9.5 Medical Food: A Future? 305

11.9.6 Reality or Fiction? 306

11.10 Agriculture Listens, Finally? 306

11.10.1 Agriculture and Farming at the Fingertips of Everyone 307

11.10.2 Small Is Beautiful 308

11.10.3 Is Urban Agriculture a Sign of Self ]Centeredness or Is It Community Driven? 308

11.10.4 Manufacturing Food Where It Makes Sense 309

11.10.5 What Role Do Restaurants Play? 309

11.10.6 The Role of Pet Food in the Food Industry 310

11.10.7 Food in the Format of Pills? Will Consuming Food Pills Be Part of Megatrends? 310

Index 313

 

O autorze

HELMUT TRAITLER, "Senior Innovation Connector" for Swissnex San Francisco, California, United States.

MICHEL DUBOIS, UniLaSalle, Beauvais, France.

KEITH HEIKES, Chief Executive Officer, Cooperative Resources International, Wisconsin, United States.

VINCENT PÉTIARD, Founder of Plant Sciences and Technology Corporate R&D at Nestlé, France.

DAVID ZILBERMAN, Professor who holds the Robinson Chair in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California at Berkeley, United States.

Blurb

Highlights and examines the growing convergence between the food and agricultural industries the technological, environmental, and consumer–related drivers of this change, and the potential outcomes

This is the first book of its kind to connect food and the food industry with agriculture, water resources, and water management in a detailed and thorough way. It brings together a small community of expert authors to address the future of the food industry, agriculture (both for plants and animals), and water and its role in a world of increasing demands on resources.

The book begins by highlighting the role of agriculture in today′s food industry from a historical perspective showing how it has grown over the years. It goes on to examine water management; new ways of plant breeding not only based on genetic modification pathways; and the attention between major crops (soy, corn, wheat) and so–called "orphan crops" (coffee, cocoa, tropical fruits). The book then turns towards the future of the food industry and analyzes major food trends, the new food, and "enough" food; discusses possible new business models for the future food industry; and analyzes the impact that the "internet of everything" will have on agriculture and the food industry. Finally, Megatrends in Food and Agriculture: Technology, Water Use and Nutrition offers scenarios about how agriculture, food, and the food industry might undergo some radical transformations.

• Assesses the evolution of food production and how we arrived at today′s landscape
• Focuses on key areas of change, driven by both innovation and challenges such as new technologies, the demand for better nutrition, and the management of dwindling resources
• Highlights the role of better–informed consumers who demand transparency and accountability from producers
• Written by industry insiders and academic experts

Megatrends in Food and Agriculture: Technology, Water Use and Nutrition is an important resource for food and agriculture industry professionals, including scientists and technicians as well as decision makers, in management, marketing, sales, and regulatory areas, as well as related NGOs.