Mechanisms of Systemic Regulation: Respiration and Circulation

ISBN-13: 9783642796685 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 243 str.

Norbert Heisler

Opis

Various endogenous and environmental challenges of homoiostasis have resulted in the evolution of apparently quite different mechanisms for the same or similar functions in individual representatives of the animal kingdom. One of the prominent achievements of comparative physiology over the last few decades has been the description of regula tory features common to many studied species beyond the extreme diversity of their morphological forms. Delineation of functional princi ples universally applicable to the physiology and biochemistry of living systems became often possible through technical advances in the devel opment of numerous new techniques, in many cases modified and adopted from other fields of science, but also by approaching certain problems using multifactorial analysis. The advance in technology has facilitated studies of minute functional details of mechanisms, which finally lead to better understanding of generally similar functions, covered by the multiple developments of Nature as a response to an extreme variety of different conditions. Improved understanding of specific mechanisms, however, has presented new problems at the level of system integration. The importance of the integrative aspect became particularly apparent during an international symposium on 'Mecha nisms of Systemic Regulation in Lower Vertebrates: Respiration, Circu lation, Ion Transfer and Metabolism' (organized in 1990 by Norbert Heisler and Johannes Piiper at the Max-Planck-Institut flir experimen telle Medizin at Gottingen/Germany).

Spis treści

Gas Exchange and Regulation of Respiration.- 1 The Regulation of Cutaneous Gas Exchange.- 1 Why Study Cutaneous Gas Exchange?.- 2 Major Themes.- 3 Relative Importance of Diffusion and Perfusion in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange.- 4 Importance of Ventilating the Skin in Regulating Cutaneous Gas Exchange in Water.- 5 Conclusions and Future Directions.- References.- 2 The Role of Carbonic Anhydrase in Aquatic Gas Exchange.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biochemical Properties.- 3 Gas Transfer.- 4 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 3 Gas Exchange in the Fish Swimbladder.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Swimbladder Architecture.- 3 Swimbladder Gas.- 4 Mechanisms for Deposition of Gas: The Classical Model.- 5 Recent Additions to the Classical Model.- 6 Regulation in the Swimbladder.- 7 Open Questions.- References.- 4 Regulation of Respiration in Lower Vertebrates: Role of CO2/pH Chemoreceptors.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Fish.- 3 Amphibians and Reptiles.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- Blood Gas Transport.- 5 Adrenergic Control of Red Cell pH, Organic Phosphate Concentrations and Haemoglobin Function in Teleost Fish.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Production of ATP and GTP.- 3 Control of Red Cell pH in the Absence of Significant Secondarily Active Transport of Acid-Base Relevant Ions.- 4 Stimulation of the Sodium/Proton Exchanger by Catecholamines and Its Effects on Red Cell pH.- 5 Effects of Catecholamines on Red Cell Organic Phosphate Concentrations.- 6 In Vivo Regulation of Haemoglobin Function by Catecholamines.- 7 Summary.- References.- Central Vascular Circulation.- 6 Mechanisms of Intracardiac Shunting in Reptiles: Pressure vs Washout Shunting.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Reptilian Cardiovascular Anatomy.- 3 Intracardiac Shunts.- 4 Mechanism of Intracardiac Shunting.- 5 Regulation of Washout Shunting.- References.- 7 Central Cardiovascular Dynamics in Reptiles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chelonians and Nonvaranid Squamates.- 3 Varanids.- 4 Crocodilians.- 5 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 8 Central Cardiovascular Function in Amphibians: Qualitative Influences of Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Season.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Phylogeny and Central Cardiovascular Function.- 3 Development of Cardiovascular Function.- 3 Seasonal Influences on Cardiovascular Function.- 5 Conclusions and Guiding Principles for Future Studies.- References.- Veno-Lymphatic System.- 9 The Role of the Lymphatic System for Water Balance and Acid-Base Regulation in the Amphibia.- 1 Historical Perspective.- 2 Structure of the Lymphatics.- 3 Lymph Production and Flow.- 4 Lymph Heart Rate and Pressure.- 5 The Lymphatics and Acid-Base Regulation.- 6 General Conclusions.- References.- 10 Physiological Roles of the Secondary Circulatory System in Fish.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Central Venous Sinus (CVS) in the Gill.- 3 Secondary Circulatory System of the Body.- 4 Concluding Remarks.- References.