Management of Greywater in Developing Countries: Alternative Practices, Treatment and Potential for Reuse and Recycling

ISBN-13: 9783030079802 / Angielski / Miękka / 2019 / 263 str.

Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed; Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi; Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim

Spis treści

1 Qualitative Characterization of Household Greywater in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Review - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Definition of Greywater

1.3 Sources and Quantity of Greywater in Developing Countries

1.4 Qualitative Characteristics of Household Greywater

1.4.1 General Composition

1.4.2 Physical Characteristics

1.4.3 Chemical Characteristics

1.4.3.1 Heavy Metals

1.4.3.2 Organic Micro-Pollutants (OMPs) in Greywater

1.4.4 Microbiological Characteristics

1.4.4.1 Indicator Bacteria

1.5 Conclusion

1.6 References

2 Consequences of Improper Disposal of Greywater - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RM, AbdulSamad Hazza'a, M.K. Amir Hashim 

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Microbial Risks

2.3 Chemical Risks

2.3.1 Xenobiotic Organic Compounds (XOCs)

2.3.2 Eutrophication

2.3.3 Heavy Metals

2.4 Regulations for Discharge of Greywater

2.5 Conclusion

2.6 References

3 Determination of Pathogenic Organisms in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Efaq AN, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim 

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Culture Based Methods

3.2.1 Dilution and Spread Plate Procedures

3.2.2 Membrane Filtration (MF) Methods

3.2.3 Enriched Method

3.2.4 Direct Isolation of Pathogenic Bacteria on Selective Media

3.3 Non-Culture Methods

3.3.1 Microscopic Detection

3.3.2 Molecular Methods

3.4 Pathogen Growth Potential (PGP) of Inactivated Pathogens in Treated Greywater

3.5 Conclusion

3.6 References

4 A Reuse of Greywater for Irrigation Purposes - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Adverse Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth

4.3 Microbial Aspects of Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture

4.4 Regulations for Reuse of Greywater in Agriculture

4.5 Conclusion

4.6 References

5 A Potential Reuse of Greywater in Developed and Developing Countries - Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim, Martin Anda, Stewart Dallas

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Weather of Perth, Australia, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

5.3 Residential Water Consumption in Perth

5.4 Residential Water Consumption in Malaysia

5.5 Water Scarcity

5.5.1 Quantity Issues in Perth

5.5.2 Quality Issues in Malaysia

5.6 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice from a Global Perspective

5.6.1 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Perth, Western Australia

5.6.2 Greywater Treatment and Its Reuse Practice in Malaysia

5.7 Greywater Treatment as a Means of Pollution Control

5.8 Potential of Greywater Reuse in Malaysia

5.9 Juggling the Differences in Adopting the Good Practice

5.10 Institutional and Legal Issues

5.11 Conclusion

5.12 References

6 Management of Household Greywater (Storage and Treatment Technologies) - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Storage of Greywater

6.3 Treatment of Greywater

6.3.1 Conventional Treatment Methods

6.3.2 Constructed Wet Land System

6.3.3 Membrane Reactor System

6.3.4 Flocculation and Coagulation Process

6.4 Conclusion

6.5 References

7 Phycoremediation as a Green Technology for Removal of Nutrients from Greywater - Wurochekke AA, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, Hauwa A, M.K. Amir Hashim 

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Phycoremediation Process

7.2.1 Selection of Microalgae Species

7.2.2 Factors Affecting Phycoremediation Process

7.3 Removal Mechanism of Nutrients

7.4 Advantages of Phycoremediation

7.5 Microbiological Aspects of Phycoremediation

7.6 Conclusino

7.7 References

8 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Chemical Removal of Heavy Metals

8.3 Biological Removal of Heavy Metals

8.3.1 Selection of the Most Potent Microorganisms for Removal of Heavy Metals

8.3.2 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals Removal

8.3.3 Removal Mechanism of Heavy Metals by Microorganism

8.4 Conclusion

8.5 References

9 Disinfection Technologies for Household Greywater - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Chemical Disinfection Methods

9.2.1 Chlorination

9.2.2 Ozonation

9.2.3 Natural Compounds

9.3 Physical and Mechanical Disinfection Methods

9.3.1 Irradiation Disinfection

9.3.2 Thermal Disinfection

9.3.3 Filtration System

9.3.4 Solar Disinfection (SODIS)

9.4 Conclusion

9.5 References

10 Centralized and Decentralized Treatment Systems for Household Greywater in Rural Regions - Dilaeleyana AS, Athirah A, Mohamed RMSR, Al-Gheethi AA, M.K. Amir Hashim 

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Centralized Treatment Systems

10.3 Decentralized Treatment Systems

10.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Centralized and Decentralized Systems

10.5 Applicability of Decentralized Systems in Rural Regions

10.6 Model Transport Simulation for Drainage Pollution

10.6.1 Purpose of Model Transport

10.6.2 Model Development of MATLAB/Simulink

10.6.3 Advantages or Contribution of the Model Pollutant Transport

10.7 Conclusion

10.8 References

11 Recycling of Greywater for Production of Biomass and Bio-Products by Microalgae - Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Potential of Greywater as a Production Medium

11.3 Harvesting of Biomass Yield

11.3.1 Chemical Methods

11.3.2. Physical Methods

11.4 Extraction of Lipids and Proteins from Biomass Yield

11.5 Conclusion

11.6 References

12 Nanotechnology Application in Greywater Treatment - Efaq AN, Al-Gheethi AA, Mohamed RMSR, M.K. Amir Hashim 

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Utilization of Nanotechnology in Greywater Treatment

12.3 Role of Microorganisms Used in Nanotechnology

12.4 Selection of Nanomaterials

12.5 Bio-Carrier System for Treatment of Greywater

12.6 Conclusion

12.7 References

13 Further Application of Greywater - Al-Gheeti AA, Mohamed RMSR, Efaq AN, M.K. Amir Hashim 

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Utilization of Greywater in Building and Construction

13.3 Role of Microorganisms in Greywater in Generating Bio-Concrete

13.4 Washing of Contaminated Soil by Greywater

13.5 Desert Reclamation by Greywater

13.6 Groundwater Recharge by Greywater

13.7 Conclusion

13.8 References

O autorze

Radin Maya Saphira Radin Mohamed (PhD) is an Ascociate Profsessor at the Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. She has been working with the UTHM since 2004. She graduated with a PhD with her thesis on Environmental Impacts of Greywater Reuse on Home Gardens, from Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia. Radin Maya Saphira's research involves issues related to improve environmental quality related to their improper discharge. In the last few years, she has extended her research interests to include the low cost treatment system to alleviate the untreated greywater discharge. She is most interested in the use of natural processes and locally available materials. She has coauthored 36 articles in international research journals and a chapter in the book "Cellulase: Production, Applications and Health Benefits" NOVA Science Publishers(2016) and Four chapters in Handbook of Environmental Materials Management (Springer publisher, 2018). She has also contributed to three teaching modules on environmental engineering.

Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi (PhD) is a Senior lecturer at the Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. She has been working with the UTHM since 2015. He has also worked as a lecturer and Laboratories manager at the Faculty of Medical Science, Yemeni-Jordanian University and Higher Institute of Health Sciences, in Sana'a, Yemen, for 4 years. He graduated with a Bachelor and Master of Applied Microbiology from Taiz University, Yemen in 2008. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Environmental Technology with his thesis on Enzymatic degradation of Pharmaceutical residues in secondary effluents, at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang, Malaysia in 2014.  His research focuses on low cost treatment technologies of different types of wastewater which may be used in developing countries. His research interests also include microbiology of wastewater, phycoremediation, pharmaceutical waste, heavy metals biosorption, and antibiotics bio-degradation. He has coauthored 45 articles in international peer-reviewed journals and has authored and coauthored Four chapters in Handbook of Environmental Materials Management (Springer publisher, 2018), a chapter in "Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technologies for Building and Environmental Applications" Springer Publishing (2016) and one chapter in "Cellulase: Production, Applications and Health Benefits" NOVA Science Publishers (2016) as well as. He has also contributed to three teaching modules on environmental engineering.

Amir Hashim Mohd Kassim (PhD) is a Senior Professor at the Department of Water and Environment Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. He graduated with a Diploma in Civil Engineering from the University of Technology, Kuala Lumpur in 1977, a Bachelor of Civil Engineering from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK in 1981, and a Master of Civil Engineering (Hydrology and Water Resources) from Colorado State University in Fort Collins, USA in 1984. He obtained a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Civil Engineering (Hydrology and Water Resources) at the University of Birmingham, UK in 1989. In addition, he is a registered professional engineer with practice under the board of Engineers Malaysia. Hashim's research involves water resources engineering modelling, hydrology, greywater, and wastewater management and treatment. He has coauthored 39 articles in international peer-reviewed journals, Four chapters in Handbook of Environmental Materials Management (Springer publisher, 2018) and one chapter in "Cellulase: Production, Applications and Health Benefits" NOVA Science Publishers (2016).

Blurb

This book reviews the consequences of improper disposal of greywater into the environment and the most appropriate treatment technologies for developing countries, focusing on the potential to reuse greywater as a production medium for biomass and bio-products. It also describes the quantities and qualitative characteristics, as well as the common practice of discharging greywater in developing countries, and highlights the associated health risks. Further, it compares the management of greywater in developed and developing countries and explores the advantages and disadvantages of various treatment technologies, discussing the reuse of greywater for irrigation purposes in arid and sub-arid countries, especially in the Middle East. The book shows the benefits of greywater and introduces low-cost technologies based on the available local facilities can be used to discharge, reuse, and recycle it.