Liquid Biofuels: Fundamentals, Characterization, and Applications

ISBN-13: 9781119791980 / Angielski / Twarda / 2021 / 752 str.

Krushna Prasad Shadangi

Spis treści

Preface xxi1 Introduction to Biomass to Biofuels Technologies 1Ezgi Rojda Taymaz, Mehmet Emin Uslu and Irem Deniz1.1 Introduction 11.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass and Its Composition 21.2.1 Cellulose 31.2.2 Hemicellulose 41.2.3 Lignin 51.3 Types and Category of the Biomass 61.3.1 Marine Biomass 61.3.2 Forestry Residue and Crops 71.3.3 Animal Manure 71.3.4 Industrial Waste 81.4 Methods of Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Biofuels 81.4.1 Pyrolysis and Types of the Pyrolysis Processes 91.4.2 Types of Reactors Used in Pyrolysis 121.4.2.1 Bubble Fluidized Bed Reactor 121.4.2.2 Circulating Fluidized Bed and Transport Bed Reactor 121.4.2.3 Ablative Pyrolysis Reactor 141.4.2.4 Rotary Cone Reactor 141.4.3 Chemical Conversion 141.4.4 Electrochemical Conversion 141.4.5 Biochemical Methods 161.4.6 Co-Conversion Methods of Pyrolysis (Copyrolysis) 161.5 Bioethanol and Biobutanol Conversion Techniques 161.6 Biogas and Syngas Conversion Techniques 201.7 Advantages and Drawbacks of Biofuels 231.8 Applications of Biofuels 251.9 Future Prospects 261.10 Conclusion 27References 292 Advancements of Cavitation Technology in Biodiesel Production - from Fundamental Concept to Commercial Scale-Up 39Ritesh S. Malani, Vijayanand S. Moholkar, Nimir O. Elbashir and Hanif A. Choudhury2.1 Introduction 402.2 Principles of Ultrasound and Cavitation 432.3 Intensification of Biodiesel Production Processes Through Cavitational Reactors 452.3.1 Acoustic Cavitation (or Ultrasound Irradiation) Assisted Processes 462.3.2 Acoustic or Ultrasonic Cavitation Assisted Processes 462.4 Designing the Cavitation Reactors 592.5 Scale-Up of Cavitational Reactors 632.6 Application of Cavitational Reactors for Large-Scale Biodiesel Production 662.7 Future Prospects and Challenges 67References 673 Heterogeneous Catalyst for Pyrolysis and Biodiesel Production 77Anjana P Anantharaman and Niju Subramania Pillai3.1 Biodiesel Production 783.1.1 Homogeneous Catalyst 793.1.2 Heterogeneous Catalyst 803.1.3 Natural Catalyst 843.1.4 Catalyst Characterization 883.1.4.1 Morphology and Surface Property 883.1.4.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 883.1.4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 903.1.4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 913.1.4.5 Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) 913.1.4.6 X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) 923.1.5 Kinetics of Biodiesel 933.2 Plastic Pyrolysis 973.2.1 Zeolite 993.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) 1033.2.3 Natural Catalyst 1043.2.4 Characterization of Catalyst 1073.2.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 1073.2.4.2 Surface Characteristics 1073.2.4.3 NH3-Temperature Programmed Desorption (NH3-TPD) 1073.2.5 Pyrolysis Kinetics 1113.3 Conclusion 113References 1144 Algal Biofuel: Emergent Applications in Next-Generation Biofuel Technology 119Bidhu Bhusan Makut4.1 Introduction 1204.2 Burgeoning of Biofuel Resources 1204.2.1 Potential Role of Microalgae Towards Biofuel Production 1214.3 Common Steps Adopted for Microalgal Biofuel Production 1224.3.1 Screening and Development of Robust Microalgal Strain 1224.3.2 Cultivation for Algal Biomass Production 1234.3.3 Harvesting of Microalgae Biomass 1274.3.4 Dewatering and Drying Process 1274.3.5 Extraction and Purification of Lipids from Microalgal Biomass for Biodiesel Production 1304.3.6 Microalgal Biomass Conversion Technology Towards Different Types of Biofuel Production 1304.3.6.1 Chemical Conversion 1314.3.6.2 Biochemical Conversion 1324.3.6.3 Thermochemical Conversion 1344.3.6.4 Direct Conversion 1364.4 Types of Microalgal Biofuels and their Emerging Applications 1374.4.1 Biodiesel 1374.4.2 Bioethanol 1394.4.3 Biogas 1404.4.4 Bio-Oil 1404.5 Conclusion 141References 1415 Co-Liquefaction of Biomass to Biofuels 145Gerardo Martínez-Narro and Anh N. Phan5.1 Introduction 1455.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) 1475.2.1 Background 1475.2.2 Operating Parameters Affecting HTL Process 1495.3 Co-Liquefaction of Biomass 1515.3.1 Food Waste with Others 1515.3.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass with Others 1625.3.3 Biomass with Crude Glycerol 1635.3.4 Algal Biomass with Others 1645.3.5 Sludge with Others 1685.3.6 Biomass with Plastic Waste 1695.4 Current Development, Challenges and Future Perspectives 1715.5 Conclusions 174Acknowledgments 174References 1746 Biomass to Bio Jet Fuels: A Take Off to the Aviation Industry 183Anjani R K Gollakota, Anil Kumar Thandlam and Chi-Min Shu6.1 Introduction 1846.2 The Transition of Biomass to Biofuels 1856.3 Properties of Aviation Jet Fuel (Bio-Jet Fuel) 1876.4 Fuel Specification for Civil Aviation 1886.5 Choice of Feedstock (Renewable Sources) 1926.5.1 Camelina 1926.5.2 Jatropha 1926.5.3 Wastes 1936.5.4 Algae 1936.5.5 Halophytes 1936.5.6 Fiber Feedstock 1936.6 Pathways of Biomass to Bio-Jet Fuels 1946.6.1 Hydrogenated Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) 1946.6.2 Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (CH) 1956.6.3 Hydro Processed Depolymerized Cellulosic Jet (HDCJ) 1956.6.4 Fischer-Tropsch Process (FT) 1966.6.5 Lignin to Jet 1976.6.6 Direct Sugars to Hydrocarbons (DSHC) 2026.6.7 Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) 2036.6.8 Alcohol to Bio-Jet 2036.7 Challenges Associates with the Future of Bio-Jet Fuel Development 2046.7.1 Ecological Challenges 2046.7.2 Feedstock Availability and Sustainability 2056.7.3 Production Challenge 2056.7.4 Distribution Challenge 2056.7.5 Compatibility Issues 2066.8 Future Perspective 2066.9 Conclusion 207Acknowledgements 209References 2097 Advance in Bioethanol Technology: Production and Characterization 215Soumya Sasmal and Kaustubha Mohanty7.1 Introduction 2167.2 Production Technology of Ethanol and Global Players 2187.3 Microbiology of Bioethanol Production 2207.4 Fermentation Technology 2227.5 Downstream Process 2247.5.1 Distillation 2247.5.2 Molecular Sieves 2257.6 Ethanol Analysis 2257.6.1 Gas Chromatography 2257.6.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 2267.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 2267.6.4 Olfactometry 2267.7 Conclusion 227References 2288 Effect of Process Parameters on the Production of Pyrolytic Products from Biomass Through Pyrolysis 231Ranjeet Kumar Mishra and Kaustubha Mohanty8.1 Introduction 2328.2 Biomass to Energy Conversion Technologies 2338.2.1 Biochemical Conversion of Biomass 2338.2.2 Thermochemical Conversion (TCC) of Biomass 2348.2.2.1 Combustion 2358.2.2.2 Gasification 2358.2.2.3 Pyrolysis 2368.2.2.4 Liquefaction 2368.2.2.5 Carbonization and Co-Firing 2408.2.3 Comparison of Thermochemical Conversion Techniques 2408.3 Advantages of Pyrolysis 2418.4 Effect of Processing Parameters on Liquid Oil Yield 2428.4.1 Temperature 2428.4.2 Effect of Catalysts on Pyrolytic End Products 2438.4.3 Vapour Residence Times 2498.4.4 Size of Feed Particles 2558.4.5 Effect of Heating Rates 2568.4.6 Effect of Atmospheric Gas 2578.4.7 Effect of Biomass Type 2628.4.8 Effect of Mineral 2628.4.9 Effect of Moisture Contents 2648.4.10 Effect of Bed Height and Bed Thickness 2648.5 Types of Reactors 2668.5.1 Fixed Bed Reactor 2668.5.2 Fluidized Bed Reactor 2668.5.3 Bubbling Fluidized Bed (BFB) Reactor 2678.5.4 Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Reactors 2678.5.5 Ablative Reactor 2688.5.6 Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor 2688.5.7 Rotating Cone Reactor 2698.5.8 PyRos Reactor 2708.5.9 Auger Reactor 2708.5.10 Plasma Reactor 2718.5.11 Microwave Reactor 2728.5.12 Solar Reactor 2728.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Types of Reactors 2728.7 Conclusion 274Acknowledgements 275References 2759 Thermo-Catalytic Conversion of Non-Edible Seeds (Extractive-Rich Biomass) to Fuel Oil 285Nilutpal Bhuyan, Neelam Bora, Rumi Narzari, Kabita Boruah and Rupam Kataki9.1 Introduction 2869.2 Thermochemical Technologies for Liquid Biofuel Production 2899.2.1 Hydrothermal Liquefaction 2899.2.2 Pyrolysis and Its Classification 2929.3 Feedstock Classification for Biofuel Production 2939.3.1 Agricultural Crops and Residues 2949.3.2 Municipal and Industrial Wastes 2949.3.3 Animal Wastes 2959.3.4 Undesirable Plants or Weeds 2959.3.5 Forest Wood and Residues 2969.3.5.1 Non-Edible Oil Seeds: A Potential Feedstock for Liquid Fuel Production 2969.3.5.2 Non-Edible Oil Seeds and Worldwide Availability 2979.4 Characterization of Non-Edible Oil Seeds 3109.5 Thermal Degradation Profile of Different Non-Edible Seeds 3209.6 Preparation of Raw Materials for Pyrolysis 3229.7 Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Thermal Conversion for Liquid Fuel Production 3239.7.1 Non-Catalytic Pyrolysis 3239.7.1.1 CHNSO Analysis of Seed Pyrolytic Oil 3269.7.1.2 FTIR Analysis of Seed Pyrolytic Oil 3269.8 Need for Up-Gradation of Pyrolytic Oil 3299.8.1 Catalytic Pyrolysis 3299.9 Application of Catalyst in Pyrolysis of Non-Edible Biomass 3309.10 Effect of Parameters on Liquid Fuel Production 3309.10.1 Effect of Operating Parameters on Yield 3309.10.2 Effect of Temperature 3399.10.3 Heating Rates 3409.10.4 Effect of Flow of Sweeping Gas 3409.10.5 Effect of Particle Size 3419.10.6 Effect of Catalyst on Yield 3419.10.7 Influence of Catalysts on Oil Composition 3429.10.8 Effect of Catalyst Bed on Yield 3439.10.9 Effect of Catalyst on Fuel Properties of Pyrolytic Oil 3439.11 Fuel Properties of Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolytic Oil 3439.12 Challenges in Utilization of Nonedible Oil Seed in Themocatalytic Conversion Process 3459.13 Advantages and Drawbacks of Seed Pyrolytic Oils 3469.14 Precautions Associated with the Application of Biofuel 3479.15 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 348References 35010 Suitability of Oil Seed Residues as a Potential Source of Bio-Fuels and Bioenergy 361Vikranth Volli, Randeep Singh, Krushna Prasad Shadangi and Chi-Min Shu10.1 Introduction 36210.2 Biomass Conversion Processes 36310.3 Biomass to Bioenergy via Thermal Pyrolysis 36710.3.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 36710.3.2 Thermal Pyrolysis 36810.4 Physicochemical Characterization of Bio-Oil 37010.4.1 Physical Properties 37010.4.2 FTIR Analysis 37110.4.3 GC-MS Analysis 37210.5 Engine Performance Analysis 38410.5.1 Break Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 38410.5.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 38410.5.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) 38510.6 Future Prospects and Recommendations 38610.7 Conclusion 387Acknowledgments 387References 38711 Co-Conversion of Algal Biomass to Biofuel 391Abhishek Walia, Chayanika Putatunda, Preeti Solanki, Shruti Pathania and Ravi Kant Bhatia11.1 Introduction 39211.2 Mechanism of Co-Pyrolysis Process 39411.2.1 Major Types of Pyrolysis and Co-Pyrolysis 39611.3 Factors Impacting Co-Pyrolysis 39811.3.1 Composition of Co-Pyrolysis Substrates and the Products Obtained in Co-Pyrolysis 39811.3.2 Main Reactor Types Used During Biomass Co-Pyrolysis and the Process Conditions/Parameters 39911.3.2.1 Classification of Biomass (Co) Pyrolysis Bioreactors 40111.3.3 The Role of Catalysts in Biomass Co-Pyrolysis 40511.3.3.1 Catalytic Hydrotreating 40511.3.3.2 Types of Catalysts Available 40711.3.3.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Catalysts 40911.3.3.4 Mechanisms of Deactivation of Catalysts 41011.3.3.5 Catalytic Upgradation of Bio-Oil with Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) 41011.4 Recent Advances and Studies on Co-Pyrolysis of Biomass and Different Substrates 41111.5 Effect between Biomass and Different Substrates in Co-Pyrolysis 41211.5.1 Increased Bio-Oil Yield 41311.5.1.1 Type of Substrate 41311.5.1.2 Particle Size 41411.5.1.3 Temperature 41511.5.1.4 Substrate to Biomass Ratio 41611.5.1.5 Residence Time 41711.5.2 Improved Oil Quality 41711.5.2.1 Influence of Bioreactor 41711.5.2.2 Influence of Catalyst 41811.5.3 Effect of Biomass-Different Substrates Co-Pyrolysis on By-Products 42011.5.3.1 Microalgae and Plastic Waste 42011.5.3.2 Microalgae and Coal 42311.5.3.3 Microalgae and Tires 42411.6 Future Perspectives 42511.7 Conclusion 427References 42812 Pyrolysis of Caryota Urens Seeds: Fuel Properties and Compositional Analysis 441Midhun Prasad Kothandaraman and Murugavelh Somasundaram12.1 Introduction 44212.2 Types of Pyrolysis Reactor 44312.2.1 Fluidized Bed Reactor 44312.2.2 Fixed Bed Reactor 44412.2.3 Auger Reactor 44512.2.4 Rotating Cone Pyrolysis Reactor 44612.3 Materials and Methods 44712.3.1 Feedstock Preparation and Collection 44712.3.2 Tubular Reactor for Conversion of Caryota Ures Seeds to Bio Oil 44712.4 Product Analysis 44812.4.1 Characterization of Feedstock and Oil Yield 44812.5 Kinetic Modelling 44912.5.1 Kissinger Method for Activation Energy Calculation 45012.5.2 Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) Method for Activation Energy Calculation 45012.5.3 Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW) Method for Activation Energy Calculation 45012.6 Result and Discussion 45112.6.1 Characterization of Feedstock 45112.6.2 Product Yield 45212.6.3 FTIR of Bio Oil 45212.6.4 GCMS of Bio Oil 45312.6.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Caryota Urens 45612.6.6 Activation Energy Calculation Using Isoconversional Models 45912.6.6.1 Kissinger Method for Estimation of Activation Energy 45912.6.6.2 KAS Method for Estimation of Activation Energy 46012.6.6.3 The OFW Method 46012.7 Conclusion 462Acknowledgements 463Nomenclature 463References 46313 Bio-Butanol as Biofuels: The Present and Future Scope 467Seim Timung, Harsimranpreet Singh and Anshika Annu13.1 Introduction 46713.2 Butanol Global Market 46913.3 History of ABE Fermentation 46913.4 Feedstocks 47013.4.1 Non-Lignocellulosic Feedstock 47013.4.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 47113.4.3 Algae 47213.4.4 Waste Sources 47413.4.5 Glycerol 47513.5 Pretreatment Techniques 47613.5.1 Acid Pretreatment 47613.5.2 Alkali Pretreatment 47713.5.3 Organosolvent Pretreatment 47713.5.4 Other Pretreatment 47813.6 Fermentation Techniques 47813.7 Conclusion 479References 48014 Application of Nanotechnology in the Production of Biofuel 487Trinath Biswal and Krushna Prasad Shadangi14.1 Introduction 48814.2 Various Nanoparticles Used for Production of Biofuel 48914.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 48914.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 49114.2.3 Graphene and Graphene Derived Nanomaterial for Biofuel 49314.2.4 Other Nanoparticles Applied in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biofuel Production 49514.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Nanoparticles in the Manufacturing Process of Biofuel 49514.3.1 Nanoparticle Synthesis Temperature 49614.3.2 Pressure During Synthesis of Nanoparticle 49614.3.3 pH Influencing Synthesis of Nanoparticles 49614.3.4 Size of Nanoparticles 49614.4 Role of Nanomaterials in the Synthesis of Biofuels 49614.5 Utilization of Nanomaterials for the Production of Biofuel 49714.5.1 Production of Biodiesel Using Nanocatalysts 49714.5.2 Application of Nanomaterials for the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 50014.5.3 Application of Nanomaterials in Synthesis of Cellulase and Stability 50114.5.4 Application of Nano-Materials in the Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass 50114.5.5 Bio-Ethanol Production by Using Nanotechnology 50214.5.6 Application of Nanotechnology in the Production of Bio-Ethanol or Cellulosic Ethanol 50614.5.7 Up-Gradation of Biofuel by Using Nanotechnology 50814.5.8 Use of Nanoparticles in Biorefinery 50914.6 Conclusion 510References 51115 Experimental Investigation of Long Run Viability of Engine Oil Properties in DI Diesel Engine Fuelled with Diesel, Bioethanol and Biodiesel Blend 517Dulari Hansdah and S. Murugan15.1 Introduction 51815.2 Materials and Method 51915.2.1 Fuel Properties 52015.3 Test Procedure 52215.3.1 Engine Experimental Set Up 52215.3.2 Methodology 52515.4 Result Analysis 52815.4.1 Wear Measurements of Different Components 52815.4.2 Deposits of Carbon on the Various Engine Components 53215.4.2.1 Cylinder Head and Piston Crown 53215.4.2.2 Analysis Deposits on Fuel Injector 53315.4.3 Analysis of Lubricating Oil 53315.4.3.1 Effect of Crankcase Dilution 53315.4.3.2 Analysis of Wear of Metals from Different Components 53715.5 Conclusion 541References 54116 Studies on the Diesel Blends Oxidative Stability in Mixture with TBHQ Antioxidant and Soft Computation Approach Using ANN and RSM at Varying Blend Ratio 543Ramesh Kasimani16.1 Introduction 54416.2 Materials and Methodology 54516.2.1 Bio-Diesel Preparation and its Properties 54516.2.2 Antioxidant Reagent 54716.2.3 GC-MS Analysis 54716.2.4 Oxidation Stability Determination 54716.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis 54816.2.6 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure 55216.2.7 Response Surface Methodology 55216.2.8 Artificial Neural Network 55416.3 Results and Discussion 55516.3.1 Oxidation Stability Analysis 55516.3.2 Performance and Emission Characteristics of CIB Diesel Blends 55616.3.3 Brake-Specific Fuel Consumption 55616.3.4 Brake Thermal Efficiency 55916.3.5 Carbon Monoxide 56016.3.6 Hydrocarbon 56116.3.7 Nitrogen Oxides 56116.3.8 Carbon Dioxide 56216.3.9 Performance and Emission Characteristics of CIB Diesel Blends + TBHQ 56316.3.10 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption 56316.3.11 Brake Thermal Efficiency 56716.3.12 Carbon Monoxide 56716.3.13 Hydrocarbon 56816.3.14 Nitrogen Oxides 56816.3.15 Carbon Dioxide 56916.4 Response Surface Methodology for Performance Parameter 57016.4.1 Non-Linear Regression Model for Performance Parameter 57016.4.2 Fit Summary for BSFC 57116.4.3 ANOVA for Performance Parameters 57116.4.4 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for BSFC 57116.4.5 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for BTE 57616.4.6 Non-Linear Regression Model for Emission Parameter 57816.4.7 Fit Summary for Emission Parameters 57816.4.8 ANOVA for Emission Parameters 58016.4.9 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for CO 58616.4.10 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for HC 59116.4.11 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for NOx 59116.4.12 Response Surface Plot and Contour Plot for CO2 59216.5 Modelling of ANN 59316.5.1 Prediction of Performance Characteristics 59616.5.2 Prediction of Emission Characteristics 59716.6 Validation of RSM and ANN 59916.7 Conclusion 606References 60817 Effect of Nanoparticles in Bio-Oil on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine 613V.Dhana Raju, S.Rami Reddy, Harish Venu, Lingesan Subramani and Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar17.1 Introduction 61417.2 Materials and Methods 61817.2.1 Waste Mango Seed Oil Extraction 61817.2.2 Transesterification Process 61917.2.3 Preparation of Alumina Nanoparticles 62117.3 Experimental Setup 62117.3.1 Error and Uncertainty Analysis 62217.4 Results and Discussion 62317.4.1 Mango Seed Biodiesel Yield 62317.4.2 Characterization of Alumina Nanoparticles 62417.4.3 Diverse Characteristics of Diesel Engine 62517.4.3.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) 62617.4.3.2 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) 62717.4.3.3 Cylinder Pressure (CP) 62817.4.3.4 Heat Release Rate (HRR) 62917.4.3.5 Carbon Monoxide Emissions (CO) 62917.4.3.6 Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) 63017.4.3.7 Hydrocarbons Emissions (HC) 63017.4.3.8 Nitrogen Oxides Emissions (NOX) 63217.4.3.9 Smoke Opacity (SO) 63217.5 Conclusions 633Abbreviations 634Nomenclature 634References 63518 Use of Optimization Techniques to Study the Engine Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine 639Sakthivel R, Mohanraj T, Abbhijith H and Ganesh Kumar P18.1 Introduction 64018.1.1 Engine Performance Optimization 64418.2 Engine Parameter Optimization Using Taguchi's S/N 64518.3 Engine Parameter Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology 64918.3.1 Analysis of Variance 65218.4 Artificial Neural Networks 65318.5 Genetic Algorithm 65918.6 TOPSIS Algorithm 66218.6.1 TOPSIS Method for Optimizing Engine Parameters 66618.7 Grey Relational Analysis 66918.8 Fuzzy Optimization 67418.9 Conclusion 675Abbreviations 676References 67619 Engine Performance and Emission Analysis of Biodiesel-Diesel and Biomass Pyrolytic Oil-Diesel Blended Oil: A Comparative Study 681K. Adithya, C.M Jagadesh Kumar, C.G. Mohan, R. Prakash and N. Gunasekar19.1 Introduction 68219.2 Experimental Analysis 68319.2.1 Production of Coconut Shell Pyrolysis Oil 68319.2.2 Production of JME 68519.3 Experimental Set-Up 68519.3.1 Engine Specifications 68619.3.2 Error Analysis 68619.4 Results and Discussion 68719.4.1 Performance Parameters 68719.4.1.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency 68719.4.1.2 BSFC 68819.4.1.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature 68819.4.2 Emission Parameters 68919.4.2.1 Carbon Monoxide 68919.4.2.2 Hydrocarbons 68919.4.2.3 NOx Emissions 69119.4.2.4 Smoke Opacity 69119.5 Conclusion 692References 69320 Agro-Waste for Second-Generation Biofuels 697Prakash Kumar Sarangi and Mousumi Meghamala Nayak20.1 Introduction 69720.2 Agro-Wastes 69920.3 Value-Addition of Agro-Wastes 70020.4 Production of Second-Generation Biofuels 70220.4.1 Biogas 70220.4.2 Biohydrogen 70220.4.3 Bioethanol 70320.4.4 Biobutanol 70320.4.5 Biomethanol 70420.4.6 Conclusion 705References 706Index 711

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Krushna Prasad Shadangi, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India. He earned his doctorate in chemical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India. He has ten years of research experience in the field of biofuel technologies and has contributed eight book chapters in edited books. He has published 22 papers in peer reviewed SCI journals and is an editorial board member on five international journals.