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Kategorie szczegółowe BISAC

Laser Optoelectronic Oscillators

ISBN-13: 9783030457020 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 560 str.

Alexander A. Bortsov;Yuri B. Il’in;Sergey M. Smolskiy
Laser Optoelectronic Oscillators Bortsov, Alexander A., Yuri B. Il’in, Sergey M. Smolskiy 9783030457020 Springer International Publishing - książkaWidoczna okładka, to zdjęcie poglądowe, a rzeczywista szata graficzna może różnić się od prezentowanej.

Laser Optoelectronic Oscillators

ISBN-13: 9783030457020 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 560 str.

Alexander A. Bortsov;Yuri B. Il’in;Sergey M. Smolskiy
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This book is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with direct and external modulation of laser emission. Such devices, sources of precision radio frequency oscillations using laser excitation, are novel and technologically relevant, with manifold possible applications. The book includes a review of the present state of the theory and generation techniques in microwave and mm-wave ranges for traditional and optoelectronic oscillators, description of OEO construction and operation principles, theoretical oscillation analysis and mathematical description of the relevant semi-classical laser physics, and investigation of the power spectral density of noises. Technical features and advantages of OEOs with external and direct modulation of laser emission are discussed together with functional diagrams. The characteristics of OEOs are compared with other traditional RF oscillators, such as quartz, surface acoustic waves, and oscillators with electromagnetic wave cavities. Special attention is paid to Q-factors and phase noises of RF carriers at small offsets. The authors discuss the technical characteristics of modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation, such as commercial large-dimension and compact quantum frequency standards with optical pumping on cesium and rubidium cells. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers in academia and industry who work with sources of microwave and mm-wave signals.

Kategorie:
Nauka, Fizyka
Kategorie BISAC:
Science > Optyka
Technology & Engineering > Microwaves
Technology & Engineering > Materials Science - Electronic Materials
Wydawca:
Springer International Publishing
Seria wydawnicza:
Springer Series in Optical Sciences
Język:
Angielski
ISBN-13:
9783030457020
Rok wydania:
2021
Ilość stron:
560
Waga:
0.77 kg
Wymiary:
23.39 x 15.6 x 2.9
Oprawa:
Miękka
Wolumenów:
01
Dodatkowe informacje:
Wydanie ilustrowane

Dedication
Foreword
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1. Nano-structural optoelectronic oscillators with the fiber-optical
delay line
1.1. Operation principle and functional diagram of OEO with FODL
1.1.1. Optoelectronic oscillator
1.1.2. Methodic conception and features of OEO theoretical investigation
1.1.3. Semi-classical laser theory
1.1.4. Semi-classical laser approximation
1.1.5. A laser in OEO structure
1.1.6. MZ modulator in OEO structure
1.2. Technical features and advantages of OEO with external and direct modulation in
options with self-heterodyne mixing
1.3 Spontaneous laser and QDLD emission and its role in OEO noises’ formation
1.4 Hybrid utilization of up-to-date electro-optical elements and microwave elements in
OEO
1.5. OEO with self-heterodyne mixing as the oscillator containing the phase fluctuation
correlator in the feedback loop
1.6. Integration in future optical and optoelectronic systems
1.6.1. New methods of optical and optoelectronic frequency control of the RF
oscillators
1.6.2. Nonlinearities in OEO
1.6.3. Dispersion FODL in OEO
1.6.4. Types of optoelectronic oscillators by the composition of modulated light
source
1.6.5. OEO division according to FOS topology
1.7 Modern elements of OEO: a laser, the optical fiber, and a photo-detector
1.7.1. A laser
1.7.2. Optical resonators and the optical fiber
1.7.3. Fiber lasers
1.7.4. The optical modulator in OEO and modules
1.7.5. Optical fibers for OEO
1.7.6. Photo-detectors
1.8. Comparison of OEO characteristics with other traditional oscillators
1.8.1. Traditional electronic oscillators
1.8.2. Q-factors of oscillator resonance systems
1.8.3. Dimensions of oscillator resonance systems
1.8.4. Phase noises and PSD of precision RF oscillations
1.9. Modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation
1.9.1. Commercial bulky and compact frequency standards with optical pumping on
cesium and rubidium cells
1.9.2. A synthesizer with the optical micro-resonator
1.10. Conclusions
6
CHAPTER 2. Theoretical analysis OEO with the help of ordinary differential
equations
2.1. Functional diagrams of OEO with direct and external modulation…………….……
2.1.1. OEO with direct and external modulation
2.1.2. Heterodyne reception and self-heterodyne mixing in OEO
2.1.3. OEO with single optical sideband
2.1.3. Equivalent diagrams with direct and external modulation for OEO with the
Mach-Zender modulator
2.2. Mathematical model of autonomous OEO with differential FODL
2.2.1. The system of two differential equations
2.2.2. Simplified block-diagram and OEO abbreviated equations
2 . 2 .3. Mathematical description of components: a laser, a photo-detector, an
amplifier, a filter
2.2.4. Symbolic equations and the Y-matrix of FODL
2.3. The semi-classical laser equation and abbreviated differential equation of OEO
2.3.1. The quasi-classical laser theory
2.3.2. The wave differential equation of the laser
2.3.3. The van-der Pol equation for the laser.
2.3.4. Abbreviated laser equations for amplitude and phase
2.3.5. Applicability condition for van-der Pol equation for the laser
2.4. Laser differential equations for single-mode single-frequency regime
2.4.1. Semi-classical differential equation of the laser
2.4.2. The feedback loop in OEO
2.4.3. Transfer functions of OEO optical components: a resonator, a modulator, the
optical fiber
2 .4 . 4. Fabri-Perrot resonators, Bragg resonators, and disk resonators, their
mathematical models
2.5. OEO differential equations with Langevinian noise sources………………
2.5.1. Langevinian noise sources
2.5.2. OEO differential equation for direct and external modulation with noises
2.5.3. OEO symbolic equations with fluctuations
2.5.4. Abbreviated equation for a laser and OEO with fluctuations
2 .5.5. Features of symbolic equations for different laser pumping system (threelevel
and four-level)
2.6. OEO equations taking into account the square strength of the laser electromagnetic
field for the correlation function. …………………………
2.6.1. Mathematical model of correlator in OIO
2.6.2. Correlation function and covariation of OEO field strength
2.6.3. Dielectric model of the waveguide and two-dimension correlation function
2.7. Spontaneous laser emission and OEO phase noise formation
2.8. Conclusions.
CHAPTER 3. Frequency control in OEO by the variations of the bias current of
mesa-strip QWLD
3.1. QWLD in OEO
3.1.1. Structural diagram and equivalent circuit of QWLD
3.1.2. Differential kinetic equations of QWLD
3.2. Differential equations and the transfer function of QWLD
3.2.1. Transfer function of QWLD uin the small-signal mode
3.2.2. Analysis of AFC and PFC of QWLD in microwave range
3.2.3. Watt-ampere characteristics and QWLD spectrum
7
3.2.4. OEO with QWLD and the frequency function versus the pumping current
3 . 2.5. The effect of sign polarity change of the slope of frequency function at
variation of the pumping current
3.3. Modern QWLD, characteristics and phase noise of QWLD
3.4. Conclusions………..
CHAPTER 4. Methods of OEO optical frequency control for differential
FODL……………………………………………..
4.1 The microwave frequency control in OEO with differential FODL made on the base
of the fiber-optical directional Y-coupler………………………………….…..……………...
4.1.1. Characteristics of optical Y-couplers
4.1.2. �������������������� OEO with differential FODL ���� Y-������������������������������������������������
4.1.3. Dependence of frequency and methods of frequency control in OEO
4.2. Frequency control in OEO with differential FODL and the fiber-optical directional
X-coupler …………………………
4.2.1. Characteristics of optical X-couplers
4.2.2. OEO with differential FODL with ����-coupler
4.2.3. Dependence of frequency and methods of frequency control in OEO
4.3. Parametric frequency instability in OEO under temperature influence on the single
optical fiber
4.3.1.Parameters of optical fiber for various temperatures
4.3.2. ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� OEO �������� ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������…
4.3.3. Compact and ultra-compact FODL
4.3.4. Long-term frequency instability in OEO with differential FODL
4.4. Phase-generator measuring method for differential delay of optical fiber at its
temperature variation
4.4.1. Description of the phase-generator measurement method
4.4.2. Experimental OEO frequency dependence upon temperature
4.4.3. Thermo-compensated OEO
4.5. Conclusions
CHAPTER 5. OEO operation analysis with direct modulation of the laser
diode.….
5.1. OEO diagrams and operation features with direct modulation and coherent optical
self-heterodyne mixing of the photo-detector………………………………………..
5.1.1.OEO with direct modulation in the single sideband mode
5.1.2. Functional equivalent diagrams of OEO
5.1.3. Features of mathematical description of components
5.2. Mathematical model of OEO with the small-signal direct amplitude modulation of
the laser at the coherent photo-detection mode
5.2.1. Transfer function of the feedback loop in OEO
5.2.2. Differential equations of OEO with direct modulation and fluctuations
5.3. OEO differential equations for direct AM of QWLD emission………………
5.3.1. OEO differential equations for direct AM
5.3.2. The analysis of laser kinetics in OEO
5.3.3. Steady-state equations for the laser and OEO
5.3.4. Scenario of transients of the laser and OEO
5.3.5. The analysis of OEO symbolic equations, of stability and self-excitation
5.4. Analysis of amplitude and phase noises in OEO with the laser direct modulation on
the base of fluctuation equations
5.4.1. OEO abbreviated equations with fluctuations
5.4.2. Autocorrelation function of the laser field strength
8
5.4.3. Power spectral density of spontaneous emission and laser phase noises
5.4.4. The analysis of abbreviated fluctuation equations of OEO
5.4.5. Amplitude and phase noises of OEO with direct modulation
5.5. Conclusions
CHAPTER 6. OEO operation analysis with the external Mach-Zender modulator
6.1. General problem statement for OEO investigation with the Mach-Zender
modulator…………………………………………………………………………
6.2. Construction and operation principle of OEO with MZ modulator…..
6.2.1. Diagram of optical channels in the MZ modulator
6 . 2.2. Dielectric structure of the planar MZ waveguide and calculation of the
transverse field section
6.2.3. The electrode layout in MZ
6.3. Mathematical model of OEO with MZ modulator…...……
6.3.1. Abbreviated differential equations with fluctuations for the laser in OEO with
MZ
6.3.2. Autocorrelation function of the laser field strength and power spectral density
of spontaneous emission and laser phase noises in OEO with MZ
6.4. Characteristic and transfer function of MZ modulator in OEO
6.4.1. The modulation characteristic of MZ
6.4.2. MZ transfer function, AFC and PFC with account of electrodes
6.4.3. OEO MZ abbreviated equations, steady-state amplitude and frequency
6.4.4. Long-term frequency instability of OEO MZ
6.5. Differential fluctuation equations of OEO with MZ modulator
6.5.1. Power spectral density of laser detected noises
6.5.2. OEO MZ abbreviated equations with fluctuations
6.5.3. Amplitude and phase noises in OEO MZ
6.5.4. Power spectral density of OEO MZ amplitude and phase noises
6.5.5. Natural line width of OEO MZ
6.6. Results of computer modeling of OEO with MZ modulator
6.6.1. Modeling of transients in OEO MZ
6.6.2. Influence of laser photon-electron resonance on the spectral density of the OEO
MZ phase noise
6.7. Conclusions
CHAPTER 7. Experimental investigations and practical circuits of OEO with
FODL
7.1. Characteristics of modulated emission sources: the laser diode and the lightemitting
diode in the microwave range
7.2. Influence of DC bias current variations of the laser diode upon the generation
frequency
7.3. OEO on the powerful laser for phased microwave FODL for the active phased
antenna array
7.4. Implementation of OEO in the microwave range and its experimental
characteristics
7.5. Practical circuits of the optoelectronic oscillator implementation
7.5.1. Implementation of tuned low-noise oscillators in microwave and mm-wave
ranges
7.5.2. OEO in microwave and mm-wave ranges in usual and optical radars of onboard
and ground-based stations
7 . 5.3. OEO utilization for measurement of PSD of phase noises in oscillators,
microwave and mm-wave devices and lasers with narrow spectral line below 100 kHz
9
7.5.4 OEO application in lengthy fiber-optical links of secretive communication with
increased noise immunity
7.5.5. OEOs for formation of optical and electric pulses with durations less than 1 ps
with the low jitter
7.5.6. Implementation of fiber-optical sensors of physical quantities on the OEO basis
7.5.6.1.Sensor for mechanical micro- and nano-displacement
7.5.6.2. Sensors of electric voltage
7.5.6.3. The magneto-gorge sensor of electric current
7.5.7 OEO application in lengthy communication links of mm-wave range of 60…80
GHz with large speed of the information transmission up to 10 Gb/s
7.6. Conclusions
Conclusions
Appendices
About authors
List of abbreviations
Index

Alexander A. Bortsov was born in Moscow, completed his Ph.D. in Engineering, and graduated from MPEI. His Ph.D. thesis was on the theme “Optoelectronic oscillator with the QW laser diode” in 2005. He is the author of more than 40 scientific publications, among them 30 scientific papers, one book Quantum Opto-Electronic Oscillator, 3 USSR copyright certificates on invention, 4 Russian patents, and more than 20 technological reports on various conferences, including international ones. He was the first in Russia, who in 2004–2005 had got the generation of the optoelectronic oscillator with direct modulation in the microwave range (more than 8 GHz) and investigated of it experiment tally and theoretical in his Ph.D. thesis (2005). He is the first researcher in Russia in 2008–2009 to investigate the opto-electronic oscillator with the Mach–Zehnder modulator in the microwave range 8–10 Ghz. He delivers lectures to students on the fundamentals of the quantum electronics and quantum physics. He trains students in the probabilities theory, mathematical statistics, and many areas of the higher mathematics including mathematical methods of modeling in the MatLab system. Fields of current research: opto-electronic oscillator, photonics, lasers, QW lasers, phase noise, the probabilities theory, mathematical statistics, calculation methods in MatLab.


Yuri B. Il’in, born in 1939, Ph.D. in Engineering. Professional education: Moscow State Mining University, Electromechanical Faculty (1958–1959)/Moscow Power Engineering Institute (National Technical University), Radio Engineering Faculty (1959–1964)/Moscow State University, Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics (1964–1968). He graduated from Radio Engineering Faculty of MPEI since 1964 just after graduation before he left this institute of his own accord in 1997. At the beginning, he worked on Department of Radio Transmitting Devices, where engaged in the construction of masers, and theoretical study of steadystate and dynamic behavior of a multimode lasers with non-homogeneously broadened spectral line and practical questions of development of fiber-optic communication lines. After graduation of Ph.D. course and defending a Ph.D. thesis in 1986, he worked on Department of Performing of Oscillations and Signals in Radio Engineering Faculty of MPEI. At the same time, he was with SIMVOL Ltd. Company in Moscow, Russia. Here he led the pioneering works on the creation of Optoelectronic Oscillators and Magneto-Infrared Laser Diode Therapeutic devices. Since 1997, he was with OPTEN Ltd. Company in Moscow, Russia. Here he worked as a Department of Education Programs manager until 2005. At the same time, he was engaged in creating, organizing, and conducting courses in Russia and the United States of America (USTTI) of advanced training for senior engineering personnel of electric power companies in Russia and a number of countries. These courses were devoted to the technology of laying fiber-optic communication cables overhead the phase wires of long-height high-voltage power lines. From 2005 to the present time he works as a freelancer scientist. His academic experience spans over 30 years. He worked as assistant professor, senior teacher and associate professor.


Sergey M. Smolskiy, born in 1946, Ph.D. in Engineering, Dr.Sc. in Engineering, full professor of Department of Radio Signals Formation and Processing of the National Research University “MPEI.” He was engaged in theoretical and practical problems concerning the development of modern transmitting cascades including the short-range radar. In 1993, he defended the Doctor of Science thesis and now he works as a professor of Radio Signals Formation and Processing Dept. His academic experience spans over 40 years. The list of scientific works and inventions contains over 358 of scientific papers, 20 books, more than 100 technological reports on various conferences, including international ones. He is an active member of International Academy of Informatization, International Academy of Electrotechnical Sciences, International Academy of Sciences of Higher Educational Institutions, and IEEE. The scientific work for the latter 15 years is connected with conversion directions of short-range radar systems, radio measuring systems for fuel and energy complex, radio monitoring system, radar technology, radio transmitters, radio receivers, etc.

This book is devoted to the theoretical and experimental investigation of the optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with direct and external modulation of laser emission. Such devices, sources of precision radio frequency oscillations using laser excitation, are novel and technologically relevant, with manifold possible applications. It includes a review of the present state of the theory and generation techniques in microwave and mm-wave ranges for traditional and optoelectronic oscillators, description of OEO construction and operation principles, theoretical oscillation analysis and mathematical description of the relevant semi-classical laser physics, and investigation of the power spectral density of noises. Technical features and advantages of OEOs with external and direct modulation of laser emission are discussed together with functional diagrams. The characteristics of OEOs are compared with other traditional RF oscillators, such as quartz, surface acoustic waves, and oscillators with electromagnetic wave cavities. Special attention is paid to Q-factors and phase noises of RF carriers at small offsets. The authors discuss the technical characteristics of modern optoelectronic methods for precision RF oscillation formation, such as commercial large-dimension and compact quantum frequency standards with optical pumping on cesium and rubidium cells. This book is aimed at scientists and engineers in academia and industry who work with sources of microwave and mm-wave signals.



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