Ion-Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry

ISBN-13: 9781468437782 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 291 str.

Opis

We continue in this second volume the plan evident in the first; i.e., of presenting a number of well-rounded up-to-date reviews of important developments in the exciting field of ion-selective electrodes in analytical chemistry. In this volume, in addition to the exciting applications of ISE'S to biochemistry systems represented by the description of enzyme electrodes, there is featured the most recent development in ISE'S, namely, the joining of the electrochemical and solid state expertise, resulting in CHEMFETS. The scholarly survey of the current status of ISE'S will undoubtedly be welcomed by all workers in the field. Tucson, Arizona Henry Freiser vii Contents Chapter 1 Potentiometric Enzyme Methods Robert K. Kobos 1. Introduction . . . . . . 1 2. Soluble Enzyme Systems . . . 5 2.1. Substrate Determinations 5 2.2. Enzyme Determinations . 13 2.3. Inhibitor Determinations. 18 3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems . 19 3.1. Methods of Immobilization. 19 3.2. Characteristics of Immobilized Enzymes 23 3.3. Analytical Applications with Ion-Selective Electrodes 23 4. Enzyme Electrodes 31 4.1. Urea Electrodes 35 4.2. Amygdalin Electrodes 39 4.3. Glucose Electrodes . 40 4.4. Penicillin Electrodes 40 4.5. Amino Acid Electrodes 41 4.6. Nucleotide Electrodes 46 4.7. Uric Acid Electrode 47 4.8. Creatinine Electrode 48 48 4.9. Acetylcholine Electrodes. 4.10. D-Gluconate Electrode 49 4.11. Lactate Electrode 49 4.12. Inhibitor Determination 50 4.13. Substrate Electrodes 50 4.14. Current Trends . . . .

Spis treści

1 Potentiometric Enzyme Methods.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Soluble Enzyme Systems.- 2.1. Substrate Determinations.- 2.2. Enzyme Determinations.- 2.3. Inhibitor Determinations.- 3. Immobilized Enzyme Systems.- 3.1. Methods of Immobilization.- 3.2. Characteristics of Immobilized Enzymes.- 3.3. Analytical Applications with Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 4. Enzyme Electrodes.- 4.1. Urea Electrodes.- 4.2. Amygdalin Electrodes.- 4.3. Glucose Electrodes.- 4.4. Penicillin Electrodes.- 4.5. Amino Acid Electrodes.- 4.6. Nucleotide Electrodes.- 4.7. Uric Acid Electrode.- 4.8. Creatinine Electrode.- 4.9. Acetylcholine Electrodes.- 4.10. d-Gluconate Electrode.- 4.11. Lactate Electrode.- 4.12. Inhibitor Determination.- 4.13. Substrate Electrodes.- 4.14. Current Trends.- 4.15. Applications of Enzyme Electrodes.- 4.16. Theoretical Studies.- 4.17. Response Characteristics.- 5. Bacterial Electrodes.- 5.1. l-Arginine Electrode.- 5.2. l-Aspartate Electrode.- 5.3. l-Glutamine Electrode.- 5.4. l-Cysteine Electrode.- 5.5. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Electrode.- 5.6. Nitrate Electrode.- 5.7. Potentiometric-Based Analysis with Bacterial Cells.- 6. Tissue-Based Electrode.- 7. Future of Potentiometric Enzyme Methods.- References.- 2 Coated Wire Ion-Selective Electrodes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Preparation of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 2.1. Preparation of Electroactive Species.- 2.2. Polymeric Matrix.- 2.3. Use of Plasticizers.- 2.4. Construction of the CWE.- 3. Preconditioning and Storage Procedures.- 4. Calibration of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 5. Determination of Selectivity Ratios.- 6. Mechanism of CWE Behavior.- 7. Applications of Coated Wire Electrodes.- 7.1. Anionic Applications of Anionic CWE’s.- 7.2. Analytical Applications of Cationic Electrodes.- 7.3. Determination of pKa and Other Equilibrium Constants.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- 3 Chemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Theory of IGFET’s.- 2.1. MIS Structure.- 2.2. Current-Voltage Relationships for the IGFET.- 2.3. CHEMFET.- 3. Practice.- 3.1. CHEMFET Geometry and Encapsulation.- 3.2. Hydrogen-Ion-Sensitive Feld Effect Transistor.- 3.3. isfet’s with Solid State Membranes.- 3.4. isfet’s with Homogeneous Polymeric Membranes.- 3.5. Heterogeneous Membranes.- 3.6. Immunochemically Sensitive Field Effect Transistor.- 3.7. Reference ISFET.- 3.8. Measuring Circuitry.- 4. Conclusions.- Notation.- References.- Supplementary References.- 4 A Compilation of Ion-Selective Membrane Electrode Literature.- Table 1. Highlights in the Development of Membrane Electrodes.- Table 2. Books and Articles on Ion-Selective Electrodes and Closely Related Topics (in Approximately Chronological Order).- Table 3. Reviews of Principles and Applications (in Approximately Chronological Order).- Table 4. Specific Application Reviews for Ion-Selective Electrodes.- Table 5. Properties and Applications of Fluoride-Selective Electrodes.- Table 6. Solid State Halide-Sensing Electrodes.- Table 7. Solid State Cyanide Responses.- Table 8. Solid State, Mainly Sulfide-Sensing, Electrodes.- Table 9. Solid State Electrodes for Divalent Ions and Miscellaneous.- Table 10. Glass Electrodes.- Table 11. Liquid Membrane Electrodes—Cation Sensitive.- Table 11a. Liquid Membrane Electrodes—Anion Sensitive.- Table 12. Neutral-Carrier-Based Electrodes.- Table 13. Gas, Enzyme, and Clinical Electrodes.- Table 14. Classical Synthetic Organic and Inorganic Ion Exchange Membranes.- Table 15. Potentiometry and Ion-Selective Electrode Nomenclature.- References.- “A” (1968–1969).- “B” (1970–1971).- “C” (1972–1973).- “D” (1974–1975).- “E” (1976–1977).- “F”(1978).