Introduction to Uav Systems

ISBN-13: 9781119802617 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 464 str.

Paul Gerin Fahlstrom; Thomas James Gleason; Mohammad H. Sadraey

Spis treści

PrefaceAerospace Series ListAcknowledgmentsList of AcronymsPart OneIntroduction1. History and Overview1.1. Overview1.2. History1.2.1. Early History1.2.2. The Vietnam War1.2.3. Resurgence1.2.4. Joint Operations1.2.5. Desert Storm1.2.6. Bosnia1.2.7. Afghanistan and Iraq1.2.8. Long-Range Long-Endurance Operations1.3. Overview of UAV Systems1.3.1. Air Vehicle1.3.2. Mission Planning and Control Station1.3.3. Launch and Recovery Equipment1.3.4. Payloads1.3.5. Data Links1.3.6. Ground Support Equipment1.4. The Aquila1.4.1. Aquila Mission and Requirements1.4.2. Air Vehicle1.4.3. Ground Control Station1.4.4. Launch and Recovery1.4.5. Payload1.4.6. Other Equipment1.4.7. Summary1.5. Global Hawk1.5.1. Mission Requirements and Development1.5.2. Air Vehicle1.5.3. Payloads1.5.4. Communications System1.5.5. Development Setbacks1.5. Predator Family1.5.1. Predator Development1.5.2. Reaper1.5.3. Features1.6. Top UAV Manufacturers1.7. Ethical Concerns of UAVsQuestions2 Classes and Missions of UAVs2.1. Overview2.2. Classes of UAV Systems2.2.1. Classification Criteria2.2.2. Classification by Range and Endurance2.2.3. Classification by Missions2.2.4. The Tier System2.3. Examples of UAVs by Size Group2.3.1. Micro UAVs2.3.2. Mini UAVs2.3.3. Very Small UAVs2.3.4. Small UAVs2.3.5. Medium UAVs2.3.6. Large UAVs2.4. Expendable UAVsQuestionsPart TwoThe Air Vehicle3 Aerodynamics3.1. Overview3.2. Aerodynamic Forces3.3. Mach Number3.4. Airfoil3.5. Pressure Distribution3.6. Drag Polar3.7. The Real Wing and Airplane3.8. Induced Drag3.9. Boundary Layer3.10. Friction Drag3.11. Total Air-Vehicle Drag3.12. Flapping Wings3.13. Aerodynamic EfficiencyQuestions4 Performance4.1. Overview4.2. Cruising Flight4.3. Range4.3.1. Range for a Non-Electric-Engine Propeller-Driven Aircraft4.3.2. Range for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft4.4. Endurance4.4.1. Endurance for a Non-Electric-Engine Propeller-Driven Aircraft4.4.2. Endurance for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft4.5. Climbing Flight4.6. Gliding Flight4.7. Launch4.8. RecoveryQuestions5 Flight Stability and Control5.1. Overview5.2. Trim5.2.1. Longitudinal Trim5.2.2. Directional Trim5.2.3. Lateral Trim5.2.4. Summary5.3. Stability5.3.1. Longitudinal Static Stability5.3.2. Directional Static Stability5.3.3. Lateral Static Stability5.3.4. Dynamic Stability5.4. Control5.4.1. Aerodynamic Control5.4.2. Pitch Control5.4.3. Directional Control5.4.4. Lateral ControlQuestions6 Propulsion6.1. Overview6.2. Propulsion Systems Classification6.3. Thrust Generation6.4. Powered Lift6.5. Sources of Power6.5.1. Four-Cycle Engine6.5.2. Two-Cycle Engine6.5.3. Rotary Engine6.5.4. Gas Turbine Engines6.5.5. Electric Motors6.6. Sources of Electric Energy6.6.1. Batteries6.6.2. Solar Cells6.6.3. Fuel Cells6.7. Power and Thrust6.7.1. Relation between Power and Thrust6.7.2. Propeller6.7.3. Variations of Power and Thrust with AltitudeQuestions7 Air Vehicle Structures7.1. Overview7.2. Structural Members7.2.1. Skin7.2.3. Fuselage Structural Members7.2.3. Wing and Tail Structural Members7.2.4. Other Structural Members7.3. Basic Flight Loads7.4. Dynamic Loads7.5. Structural Materials7.5.1. Overview7.5.2. Aluminum7.6. Composite Materials7.6.1. Sandwich Construction7.6.2. Skin or Reinforcing Materials7.6.3 Resin Materials7.6.4. Core Materials7.7. Construction Techniques7.8. Basic Structural Calculations7.8.1. Normal and Shear Stress7.8.2. Deflection7.8.3. Bulking load7.8.4. Factor of Safety7.8.5. Structural FatigueQuestionsPart ThreeMission Planning and Control8 Mission Planning and Control Station8.1. Introduction8.2. MPCS Subsystems8.3. MPCS Physical Configuration8.4. MPCS Interfaces8.5. MPCS Architecture8.5.1. Fundamentals8.5.2. Local Area Networks8.5.3. Levels of Communication8.5.4. Bridges and Gateways8.6. Elements of a LAN8.6.1. Layout and Logical Structure (Topology)8.6.2. Communications Medium8.6.3. Network Transmission and Access8.7. OSI Standard8.7.1. Physical Layer8.7.2. Data-Link Layer8.7.3. Network Layer8.7.4. Transport Layer8.7.5. Session Layer8.7.6. Presentation Layer8.7.7. Application Layer8.8. Mission Planning8.9. Pilot-In-CommandQuestions9 Control of Air Vehicle and Payload9.1. Overview9.2. Levels of Control9.3. Remote Piloting the Air Vehicle9.3.1. Remote Manual Piloting9.3.2. Autopilot-Assisted Control9.3.3. Complete Automation9.3.4. Summary9.4. Autopilot9.4.1. Fundamental9.4.2. Autopilot Categories9.4.3. Inner and Outer Loops9.4.4. Overall Modes of Operation9.4.5. Control Process9.4.6. Control Axes9.4.7. Controller9.4.8. Actuator9.4.9. Open-Source Commercial Autopilots9.5. Sensors Supporting the Autopilot9.5.1. Altimeter9.5.2. Airspeed Sensor9.5.3. Attitude Sensors9.5.4. GPS9.5.5. Accelerometers9.6. Navigation and Target Location9.7. Controlling Payloads9.7.1. Signal Relay Payloads9.7.2. Atmospheric, Radiological, and Environmental Monitoring9.7.3. Imaging and Pseudo-Imaging Payloads9.8. Controlling the Mission9.9. AutonomyQuestionsPart Four Payloads10 Reconnaissance/Surveillance Payloads10.1. Overview10.2. Imaging Sensors10.3. Target Detection, Recognition, and Identification10.3.1. Sensor Resolution10.3.2. Target Contrast10.3.3. Transmission through the Atmosphere10.3.4. Target Signature10.3.5. Display Characteristics10.3.6. Range Prediction Procedure10.3.7. A few Considerations10.3.8. Pitfalls10.4. The Search Process10.4.1. Types of Search10.4.2. Field of View10.4.3. Search Pattern10.4.4. Search Time10.5. Other Considerations10.5.1. Location and Installation10.5.2. Stabilization of the Line of Sight10.5.3. Gyroscope and Gimbal10.5.4. Gimbal-Gyro Configuration10.5.5. Thermal Design10.5.6. Environmental Conditions Affecting Stabilization10.5.7. Boresight10.5.8. Stabilization DesignQuestions11 Weapon Payloads11.1. Overview11.2. History of Lethal Unmanned Aircraft11.3. Mission Requirements for Armed Utility UAVs11.4. Design Issues Related to Carriage and Delivery of Weapons11.4.1. Payload Capacity11.4.2. Structural Issues11.4.3. Electrical Interfaces11.4.4. Electromagnetic Interference11.4.5. Launch Constraints for Legacy Weapons11.4.6. Safe Separation11.4.7. Data Links11.4.8. Payload Location11.5. Signature Reduction11.5.1. Acoustical Signatures11.5.2. Visual Signatures11.5.3. Infrared Signatures11.5.4. Radar Signatures11.5.5. Emitted Signals11.5.6. Active Susceptibility Reduction Measures11.6. Autonomy for Weapon Payloads11.6.1. Fundamental Concept11.6.2. Rules of EngagementQuestions12 Other Payloads12.1. Overview12.2. Radar12.2.1. General Radar Considerations12.2.2. Synthetic Aperture Radar12.3. Electronic Warfare12.4. Chemical Detection12.5. Nuclear Radiation Sensors12.6. Meteorological and Environmental Sensors12.7. Pseudo-Satellites12.8. Robotic Arm12.9. Package and Cargo12.10. Urban Air MobilityQuestionsPart FiveData Links13 Data-Link Functions and Attributes13.1. Overview13.2. Background13.3. Data-Link Functions13.4. Desirable Data-Link Attributes13.4.1. Worldwide Availability13.4.2. Resistance to Unintentional Interference13.4.3. Low Probability of Intercept (LPI)13.4.4. Security13.4.5. Resistance to Deception13.4.6. Anti-ARM13.4.7. Anti-Jam13.4.8. Digital Data Links13.4.9. Signal Strength13.5. System Interface Issues13.5.1. Mechanical and Electrical13.5.2. Data-Rate Restrictions13.5.3. Control-Loop Delays13.5.4. Interoperability, Interchangeability, and Commonality13.6. Antennas13.6.1. Omnidirectional Antenna13.6.2. Parabolic Reflectors13.6.3. Array/Directional Antennas13.6.4. Lens Antennas13.7. Data Link FrequencyQuestions14 Data-Link Margin14.1. Overview14.2. Sources of Data-Link Margin14.2.1. Transmitter Power14.2.2. Antenna Gain14.2.3. Processing Gain14.3. Anti-Jam Margin14.3.1. Definition of Anti-Jam Margin14.3.2. Jammer Geometry14.3.3. System Implications of AJ Capability14.3.4. Anti-Jam Uplinks14.4. Propagation14.4.1. Obstruction of the Propagation Path14.4.2. Atmospheric Absorption14.4.3. Precipitation Losses14.5. Data-Link Signal-to-Noise BudgetQuestions15 Data-Rate Reduction15.1. Overview15.2. Compression Versus Truncation15.3. Video Data15.3.1. Gray Scale15.3.2. Encoding of Gray Scale15.3.3. Effects of Bandwidth Compression on Operator Performance15.3.4. Frame Rate15.3.5. Control Loop Mode15.3.6. Forms of Truncation15.3.7. Summary15.4. Non-Video Data15.5. Location of the Data-Rate Reduction FunctionQuestions16 Data-Link Tradeoffs16.1. Overview16.2 Basic Tradeoffs16.3. Pitfalls of "Putting Off" Data-Link Issues16.4. Future TechnologyQuestionsPart SixLaunch and Recovery17 Launch Systems17.1. Overview17.2. Conventional Takeoff XXX17.3. Basic Considerations17.4. Launch Methods for Fixed-Wing Air Vehicles14.4.1. Overview17.4.2. Rail Launchers17.4.3. Pneumatic Launchers17.4.4. Hydraulic-Pneumatic Launchers17.4.5. Zero Length RATO Launch of UAVs17.4.6. Tube Launch17.5. Rocket Assisted Takeoff xxx17.5.1. RATO Configuration17.5.2. Ignition Systems17.5.3. Expended RATO Separation17.5.4. Other Launch Equipment17.5.5. Energy (Impulse) Required17.5.6. Propellant Weight Required17.5.7. Thrust, Burning Time, and Acceleration17.6. Vertical TakeoffQuestions18 Recovery Systems18.1. Overview18.2. Conventional Landing18.3. Vertical Net Systems18.4. Parachute Recovery18.5. VTOL UAVs18.6. Mid-Air Retrieval18.7. Shipboard Recovery18.8. Break-Apart Landing18.9. Skid and Belly Landing18.10. Suspended CablesQuestions19 Launch and Recovery Tradeoffs19.1. UAV Launch Method Tradeoffs19.2. Recovery Method Tradeoffs19.3. Overall ConclusionsQuestions20 Rotary-Wing UAVs and Quadcopters20.1. Overview20.2. Rotary-Wing Configurations20.2.1. Single Rotor20.2.2. Twin Co-axial Rotors20.2.3. Twin Tandem Rotors20.2.4. Multi-copter20.3. Hybrid UAVs20.3.1. Tilt Rotor20.3.2. Tilt Wing20.3.3. Thrust Vectoring20.3.4. Fixed-Wing Quadcopter Combination20.4. Quadcopters20.4.1. Overview20.4.2. Aerodynamics20.4.3. ControlQuestionsReferences

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The late Paul G. Fahlstrom was a Naval Aviator (Marine Pilot) who held positions at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and the Department of Transportation.The late Thomas J. Gleason, PhD was Founder of Gleason Research Associates, an engineering and scientific analysis firm conducting evaluations related to missile and sensor systems.Mohammad H. Sadraey is Associate Professor of Aeronautical Engineering at Southern New Hampshire University. He has authored five books, including Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach and Aircraft Performance Analysis.