Introduction to Membrane Noise

ISBN-13: 9781461331377 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 516 str.

Louis J. DeFelice

Opis

I started working on membrane noise in 1967 with David Firth in the Department of Physiology at McGill University. I began writing this book in the summer of 1975 at Emory University under a grant from the National Library of Medicine. Part of the writing was also done at the Marine Biological Laboratory Library in Woods Hole and in the Library of the Stazione Zoologica in Naples. I wrote this book because in the intervening years membrane noise became a definable subdivision of membrane biophysics and seemed to deserve a uniform treatment in one volume. Not surprisingly, this turned out to be much more difficult than I had imagined and some areas of the subject that ought to be included have been left out, either for reasons of space or because of my own inability to keep up with all aspects of the field. This book is written for biologists interested in noise and for physicists and electrical engineers interested in biology. The first three chapters attempt to bring both groups to a common point of understanding of electronics and electrophysiology necessary to the study of noise and impedance in membranes. These chapters arose out of a course given over a period of six years to electrical engineers from the Georgia Institute of Technology and biologists from Emory University School of Medicine.

Spis treści

Animal Electricity.- 1. Newton’s Opticks and Ganot’s Physics.- 2. Pre-Galvani Experiments and the Leyden Jar.- 3. Benjamin Franklin and the Magic Square.- 4. Volta’s Electrophorus.- 5. Galvani’s First Experiment.- 6. Galvani’s Second Experiment.- 7. Animal Electricity Described in Ganot’s Physics.- 8. The Voltaic Pile and the Electric Fish.- 9. Examples.- 10. Models and Analogies Used in Electrophysiology.- Basic Electrophysiology.- 11. Salt Water Conducts Electricity.- 12. Resistance of Salt Water.- 13. How Ions Move: The Flux Equation.- 14. First Application of the Flux Equation: The Nernst Relation.- 15. Second Application of the Flux Equation: The Diffusion Potential.- 16. An Example of the Nernst Relation: The AgCl Electrode.- 17. An Example of the Diffusion Potential: The Agar Bridge.- 18. Steady Current in Ionic Solutions.- 19. The Integral Resistance.- 20. The Flux Equation and Potential Profile.- 21. An Example: The Glass Microelectrode.- 22. The Effect of Pressure on Integral Resistance.- 23. Membrane Rectification and Reactance.- 24. Inductance and Capacitance: Time Domain.- 25. Fourier Transformation: The Delta function.- 26. Inductance and Capacitance: Frequency Domain.- 27. Equivalent Circuits of Membranes.- 28. Equivalent Circuits of Cells.- 29. Cable Equation: Passive Properties.- 30. Equivalent Circuits and Active Membranes.- Basic Circuit Theory.- 31. Voltage and Current Sources.- 32. Frequency Composition of Signals.- 33. The Mean and the Variance.- 34. Spectral Density and Rayleigh’s Theorem.- 35. Spectral Density and Source Impedance.- 36. Examples.- 37. Power Spectral Density.- Noise Analysis.- 38. Filtering.- 39. Measurement of Spectral Density.- 40. Effect of Filter Bandwidth.- 41. The Convolution Theorem.- 42. The Correlation Theorem.- 43. Measurement of Correlation Functions.- 44. Correlation Functions: Examples.- 45. Integral Spectra.- 46. Relationship between the Integral Spectrum and the Correlation Function.- 47. Examples of Integral Spectra.- 48. Inversion of the Integral Spectrum.- 49. The Integral Spectral Density.- 50. Multiple Lorentzians.- 51. Examples of the Inversion Formula.- 52. Correlation Functions of Filtered Noise.- 53. The Exponential Integral.- 54. The Effect of Finite Time Measurements.- 55. Examples of Error Calculations.- 56. Comparison of Errors in Correlation Functions, Integral Spectra, and Spectral Densities.- 57. Correcting Correlation Functions for ac Coupling.- Noise Sources.- A. White Noise.- 58. Johnson Noise.- 59. Derivation of the Nyquist Formula.- 60. Nyquist Formula for an Arbitrary Impedance.- 61. Quantum Theory Formulation of Nyquist’s Equation.- 62. Johnson Noise and the Nernst Equation.- 63. Measurement of Johnson Noise.- B. I/f Noise.- 64. Excess Noise in Carbon Resistors.- 65. Excess Noise Depends on Current.- 66. The Effect of Resistor Size on Excess Noise.- 67. Resistor Noise: A Selected Chronological Bibliography.- 68. Excess Noise in Ionic Conductors.- 69. Excess Noise in Lipid Bilayers.- 70. I/f Noise and Concentration Gradients.- 71. Theories of Excess Noise.- C. Lorentzian Noise.- 72. The Two-State Channel.- 73. The Relationship between Channel Noise and Current Noise.- 74. Two-State Channels in Series.- 75. Bernoulli’s Distribution for Two Independent Two-State Subunits.- 76. Correlation Functions for Two-State Channels in Series.- 77. The Relationship between Channel Models and Kinetic Schemes.- D. Campbell’s Theorem.- 78. The Mean and the Variance.- 79. Noise Spectra from Campbell’s Theorem.- Membrane Impedance.- 80. Equivalent Circuits of Kinetic Equations.- 81. The Small-Signal Impedance of a Population of Ionic Channels.- 82. The Small-Signal Impedance of Channels in a Membrane.- 83. Transient Response to the RrLC Circuit.- 84. Voltage Noise from Channels Embedded in a Membrane.- 85. The Equivalent Noise Source for Channel Noise.- 86. Current Noise Parameters Derived from Voltage Noise and Impedance.- 87. Small-Signal Impedance of the HH-Axon Membrane.- 88. The Heaviside Line and the RrLC Cable.- Experimental Results.- 89. Miniature End-Plate Potentials.- 90. Acetylcholine Noise.- 91. Other Types of Chemically Induced Noise.- 92. ACh Noise under Voltage Clamp.- 93. Other Types of Chemically Induced Noise under Voltage Clamp.- 94. Effect of Procaine on ACh Noise.- 95. Effect of Dithiothreitol on ACh Noise.- 96. Current Noise from Denervated Skeletal Muscle.- 97. Single-Channel Currents.- 98. Ion Flow through the ACh Channel. A Noise Analysis.- 99. Glutamate Noise I.- 100. Glutamate Noise II.- 101. Electrical Noise from Motoneurons.- 102. Excitability Noise in Neurons.- 103. Nerve Membrane Noise.- 104. Voltage Noise from the Node of Ranvier.- 105. The Squid Giant Axon.- 106. Current Noise from the Squid Giant Axon.- 107. Current Noise from the Node of Ranvier I.- 108. Current Noise from the Node of Ranvier II.- 109. Small-Signal Impedance of Nerve and Heart Cell-Membranes.- 110. Photoreceptor Noise. An Early Study.- References.