Introduction to Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics

ISBN-13: 9781119261049 / Angielski / Miękka / 2017 / 336 str.

Stephen H. Curry; Robin Whelpton

Opis

The application of knowledge of drug disposition, and skills in pharmacokinetics, are crucial to the development of new drugs and to a better understanding of how to achieve maximum benefit from existing ones. The book takes the reader from basic concepts to a point where those who wish to will be able to perform pharmacokinetic calculations and be ready to read more advanced texts and research papers.
The book will be of benefit to students of medicine, pharmacy, pharmacology, biomedical sciences and veterinary science, including those who have elected to study the topic in more detail, such as via electives and special study modules. It will be of benefit to those involved in drug discovery and development, pharmaceutical and medicinal chemists, as well as budding toxicologists and forensic scientists who require the appropriate knowledge to interpret their findings and as an introductory text for clinical pharmacologists. Early chapters describe the basic principles of the topic while the later ones illustrate the application of those principles to modern approaches to drug development and clinical use. Full colour illustrations facilitate the learning experience and supporting material for course leaders and students can be found on the Companion Web Site

The application of knowledge of drug disposition, and skills in pharmacokinetics, are crucial to the development of new drugs and to a better understanding of how to achieve maximum benefit from existing ones.

Recenzje

"Overall, the book is written in a professional manner, the explanations are clear and simple, and the authors use drug–specific PK data to reinforce the critical concepts of each chapter..." One particular strength of this book is its excellent use of full color figures/pictures, as well as clinically relevant drug examples, both of which reinforce the concepts described throughout"...."
In conclusion, the principles reviewed in this book and companion website provide a strong introductory knowledge base in PK, which should prepare readers to perform PK calculations, interpret PK literature, and consider PK properties when studying the clinical use of drugs." CPT, Aug 17

Spis treści

Preface ix

Companion Website Directions xii

1. Introduction: Basic Concepts 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Drugs and drug nomenclature 3

1.3 Law of mass action 4

1.4 Ionization 9

1.5 Partition coefficients 12

1.6 Further reading 14

2. Drug Administration and Distribution 15

2.1 Introduction 15

2.2 Drug transfer across biological membranes 16

2.3 Drug administration 22

2.4 Drug distribution 31

2.5 Plasma protein binding 38

2.6 Further reading 43

2.7 References 43

3. Drug Metabolism and Excretion 45

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Metabolism 46

3.3 Excretion 58

3.4 Further reading 69

3.5 References 69

4. Single compartment Pharmacokinetic Models 71

4.1 Introduction 72

4.2 Systemic clearance 74

4.3 Intravenous administration 76

4.4 Absorption 79

4.5 Infusions 87

4.6 Multiple doses 90

4.7 Non linear kinetics 94

4.8 Relationship between dose, and onset and duration of effect 98

4.9 Limitations of single compartment models 99

4.10 Further reading 100

4.11 References 100

5. Multiple compartment and Non compartment Pharmacokinetic Models 102

5.1 Multiple compartment models 102

5.2 Non compartmental models 117

5.3 Population pharmacokinetics 121

5.4 Curve fitting and the choice of most appropriate model 122

5.5 Further reading 124

5.6 References 124

6. Kinetics of Metabolism and Excretion 126

6.1 Introduction 126

6.2 Metabolite kinetics 127

6.3 Renal excretion 137

6.4 Excretion in faeces 142

6.5 Further reading 143

6.6 References 144

7. Clearance, Protein Binding and Physiological Modelling 145

7.1 Introduction 145

7.2 Clearance 146

7.3 Physiological modelling 158

7.4 Further reading 161

7.5 References 161

8. Quantitative Pharmacological Relationships 162

8.1 Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 162

8.2 Concentration effect relationships (dose response curves) 163

8.3 Time dependent models 169

8.4 PK PD modelling 173

8.5 Further reading 177

8.6 References 177

9. Pharmacokinetics of Large Molecules 178

9.1 Introduction 178

9.2 Pharmacokinetics 179

9.3 Plasma kinetics and pharmacodynamics 184

9.4 Examples of particular interest 185

9.5 Further reading 191

9.6 References 191

10. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics 192

10.1 Introduction 192

10.2 Methods for the study of pharmacogenetics 193

10.3 N Acetyltransferase 194

10.4 Plasma cholinesterase 197

10.5 Cytochrome P450 polymorphisms 199

10.6 Alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 202

10.7 Thiopurine methyltransferase 202

10.8 Phase 2 enzymes 202

10.9 Transporters 204

10.10 Ethnicity 206

10.11 Pharmacodynamic differences 206

10.12 Personalized medicine 208

10.13 Further reading 209

10.14 References 209

11. Additional Factors Affecting Plasma Concentrations 211

11.1 Introduction 211

11.2 Pharmaceutical factors 213

11.3 Sex 214

11.4 Pregnancy 218

11.5 Weight and obesity 220

11.6 Food, diet and nutrition 225

11.7 Time of day 226

11.8 Posture and exercise 228

11.9 Further reading 231

11.10 References 231

12. Effects of Age and Disease on Drug Disposition 233

12.1 Introduction 233

12.2 Age and development 234

12.3 Effects of disease on drug disposition 242

12.4 Assessing pharmacokinetics in special populations 256

12.5 Further reading 257

12.6 References 258

13. Drug Interactions and Toxicity 260

13.1 Introduction 260

13.2 Drug interactions 261

13.3 Toxicity 273

13.4 Further reading 282

13.5 References 282

14. Perspectives and Prospects: Reflections on the Past, Present and Future of Drug Disposition and Pharmacokinetics 284

14.1 Drug disposition and fate 284

14.2 Pharmacodynamics 286

14.3 Quantification of drugs and pharmacokinetics 286

14.4 The future 289

14.5 Postscript 291

14.6 Further reading 292

14.7 References 292

Appendices

1 Mathematical Concepts and the Trapezoidal Method 293

2 Dye Models to Teach Pharmacokinetics 300

3 Curve Fitting 303

4 Pharmacokinetic Simulations 307

Index 312