Introduction to Chemical Engineering

ISBN-13: 9781119634089 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 640 str.

C. M. Van 't Land

Spis treści

Preface xviiPrologue xixPart I Transport Phenomena 11 Mass Balances 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Theory 51.3 Additional Material 9Reference 102 Energy Balances 112.1 Definitions 112.2 The General Energy Balance 122.3 Applications of the General Energy Balance 132.3.1 Pump 132.3.2 Air Oxidation of Cumene 142.4 The Mechanical Energy Equation 172.5 Applications of the Mechanical Energy Balance 18References 223 Viscosity 233.1 Definition 233.2 Newtonian Fluids 253.3 Non-Newtonian Fluids 253.3.1 The Viscosity is a Function of the Temperature and the Shear Rate 253.3.2 The Viscosity is a Function of Time 283.4 Viscoelasticity 293.5 Viscosity of Newtonian Fluids 293.5.1 Gases 293.5.2 Liquids 30References 324 Laminar Flow 334.1 Steady-state Flow Through a Circular Tube 334.2 Rotational Viscosimeters 374.3 Additional Remarks 395 Turbulent Flow 415.1 Velocity Distribution 415.2 The Reynolds Number 425.3 Pressure Drop in Horizontal Conduits 425.4 Pressure Drop in Tube Systems 455.5 Flow Around Obstacles 475.5.1 Introduction 475.5.2 Dispersed Spherical Particles 485.6 Terminal Velocity of a Swarm of Particles 535.7 Flow Resistance of Heat Exchangers with Tubes 53References 546 Flow Meters 576.1 Introduction 576.2 Fluid-energy Activated Flow Meters 576.2.1 Oval-gear Flow Meter 576.2.2 Orifice Meter 576.2.3 Venturi Meter 606.2.4 Rotameter 606.3 External Stimulus Flow Meters 616.3.1 Thermal Flow Meter 616.3.2 Ultrasonic Flow Meters 62References 627 Case Studies Flow Phenomena 637.1 Energy Consumption: Calculation of the Power Potential of a High Artificial Lake 637.2 Estimation of the Size of a Pump Motor 648 Heat Conduction 678.1 Introduction 678.2 Thermal Conductivity 688.3 Steady-state Heat Conduction 718.4 Heating or Cooling of a Solid Body 75References 789 Convective Heat Transfer 799.1 Heat Exchangers 799.2 Heat Transfer Correlations 84References 8610 Heat Transfer by Radiation 8710.1 Introduction 8710.2 IR 8710.3 Dielectric Heating 9110.3.1 General Aspects 9110.3.2 RF Heating 9310.3.3 Microwave Heating 94References 9711 Case Studies Heat Transfer 9911.1 Bulk Materials Heat Exchanger 9911.2 Heat Exchanger 10011.3 Surface Temperature of the Sun 10211.4 Gas IR Textile Drying 10211.5 Heat Loss by IR Radiation 10311.6 Microwave Drying of a Pharmaceutical Product 103References 10412 Steady-state Diffusion 10512.1 Introduction and Definition of the Diffusion Coefficient 10512.2 The Diffusion Coefficient 10612.3 Steady-state Diffusion 107References 11213 Convective Mass Transfer 11313.1 Partial and Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients 11313.2 Mass Transfer Between a Fixed Wall and a Flowing Medium 11613.3 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer at Convective Drying 118References 12114 Case Studies Mass Transfer 12314.1 Equimolar Diffusion 12314.2 Diffusion through a Stagnant Body 12314.3 Sublimation of a Naphthalene Sphere 124Reference 126Notation I 127Greek Symbols 131Part II Mixing and Stirring 13515 Introduction to Mixing and Stirrer Types 137References 14216 Mixing Time 14316.1 Introduction 14316.2 Approach of Beek et al. 14416.3 Approach of Zlokarnik 147References 15117 Power Consumption 153References 15618 Suspensions 15718.1 Introduction 15718.2 Power Consumption 16218.3 Further Work 163References 16419 Liquid/Liquid Dispersions 165Reference 16720 Gas Distribution 16920.1 Introduction 16920.2 Turbine 16920.3 Pitched-Blade Turbine Pumping Downward 17520.4 Turbine Scale Up 17620.5 Batch Air Oxidation of a Hydrocarbon 17720.6 Remark 178Appendix 20.1 178References 17921 Physical Gas Absorption 18121.1 Introduction 18121.2 k l . a Measurements 18121.3 Power Consumption on Scaling Up 18421.4 Remarks 184References 18422 Heat Transfer in Stirred Vessels 18522.1 Introduction 18522.2 Heat Transfer Jacket Wall/Process Liquid 18522.3 Heat Transfer Coil Wall/Process Liquid 18822.4 Heat Transfer Jacket Medium/Vessel Wall 19022.5 Heat Transfer Coil Medium/Coil Wall 19222.6 Batch Heating and Cooling 192References 19323 Scale Up of Mixing 19523.1 Introduction 19523.2 Homogenization 19623.3 Suspensions 19823.4 Liquid/Liquid Dispersions 19823.5 Gas Distribution 19823.6 k l . a 19823.7 Heat Transfer 199References 19924 Case Studies Mixing and Stirring 20124.1 Mixing Time--Comparison of Stirrers 20124.2 Mixing Time--Scale Up of Process 20224.3 Suspensions 20224.4 Air Oxidation Optimization 20324.5 Calculating k l . a 20524.6 Heating Toluene in a Stirred Vessel 20624.7 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Jacketed Reactor 20724.8 Scale Up of Mixing 209References 210Notation II 211Greek Symbols 213Part III Chemical Reactors 21525 Chemical Reaction Engineering--An Introduction 21725.1 Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) 21725.2 Kinetic Rate Data and Transport Phenomena 21825.3 Reactor Types 21925.4 Batch Reactions Versus Continuous Reactions 22125.5 Adiabatic Temperature Rise 22225.6 Recycle 22325.7 Process Intensification 224References 22626 A Few Typical Chemical Reactors 22726.1 The Carbo-V-Process of Choren 22726.2 Coal Gasification 22726.3 Biofuels 22926.4 Pyrogenic Silica 23026.5 Microwaves 23127 The Order of a Reaction 23327.1 The Rate of a Reaction 23327.2 Introductory Remarks on the Order of a Reaction 23327.3 First-Order Reaction 23427.4 Second-Order Reactions 236References 23928 The Rate of Chemical Reactions as a Function of Temperature 24128.1 Arrhenius' Law 24128.2 How to Influence Chemical Reaction Rates 242Reference 24329 Chemical Reaction Engineering--A Quantitative Approach 24529.1 Introduction 24529.2 Batch Reactor 24529.3 Plug Flow Reactor 24729.4 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 24829.5 Reactor Choice 25129.6 Staging 25129.7 Reversible Reactions 25330 A Plant Modification: From Batchwise to Continuous Manufacture 25730.1 Introduction 25730.2 Batchwise Production 25730.3 Continuous Manufacture 257Reference 25831 Intrinsic Continuous Process Safeguarding 25931.1 Summary 25931.2 Introduction 25931.3 The Production of Organic Peroxides 26031.4 Intrinsically Safe Processes 26031.5 Intrinsic Process Safeguarding 26131.6 Extrinsic Process Safeguarding 26131.7 Additional Remarks 26131.8 Practical Approach 26231.9 Examples 263References 26532 Reactor Choice and Scale Up 26732.1 Introduction 26732.2 Parallel Reactions 26732.3 Physical Effects 26933 Case Studies Chemical Reaction Engineering 27133.1 Order of a Reaction 27133.2 Chemical Reaction Rate as a Function of Temperature 27333.3 Reactor Size 27333.4 Reversible Reactions 27433.5 Competing Reactions 27633.6 The Hydrolysis of Acetic Acid Anhydride 27633.7 Cumene Air Oxidation 277References 278Notation III 279Greek Symbols 280Part IV Distillation 28134 Continuous Distillation 28334.1 Introduction 28334.2 Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium 28334.3 The Fractionating Column 28634.4 The Number of Trays Required 28834.5 The Importance of the Reflux Ratio 29234.6 A Typical Continuous Industrial Distillation 293References 29435 Design of Continuous Distillation Columns 29535.1 Sieve Tray Columns 29535.2 Packed Columns 299Note 302References 30236 Various Types of Distillation 30336.1 Batch Distillation 30336.2 Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 30936.3 Steam Distillation 311References 31237 Case Studies Distillation 31337.1 McCabe-Thiele Diagram 31337.2 Diameter of a Sieve Tray Column and Sieve Tray Pressure Loss 31637.3 The Distillation of Wine 31737.4 Steam Distillation 320Reference 321Notation IV 323Greek Symbols 325Part V Liquid Extraction 32738 Liquid Extraction - Part 1 32938.1 Introduction 32938.2 The Distribution Coefficient 33338.3 Calculation of the Number of Theoretical Stages in Extraction Operations 334References 33639 Liquid Extraction - Part 2 33739.1 Calculation of the Number of Transfer Units in Extraction Operations 337Reference 34240 Flooding 34340.1 General 343References 34541 The Two Liquids Exchanging a Component Are Partially Miscible 34741.1 Triangular Coordinates 34741.2 Formation of One Pair of Partially Miscible Liquids 34841.3 Continuous Countercurrent Multiple-contact Extraction 353References 35542 Case Studies Liquid Extraction 35742.1 A Series of Centrifugal Extractors 35742.2 Extraction by Means of An Ionic Liquid 35942.3 Overall Transfer Coefficient/Height of a Transfer Unit 36042.4 Calculation of the Column Height 36242.5 Two Partially Miscible Liquids Exchange a Component 363References 365Notation V 367Greek Symbols 369Part VI Absorption of Gases 37143 Absorption of Gases 37343.1 Introduction 37343.2 Determination of the Number of Theoretical Stages at Absorption of Gases 37443.3 Estimation of the Diameter of an Absorption Column for Natural Gas 37743.4 The Absorption of Carbon Dioxide 37843.5 Design of Absorption Columns 379References 381Notation VI 383Greek Symbols 384Part VII Membranes 38544 Membranes--An Introduction 38744.1 General 38744.2 Membranes 38744.3 Three Pressure-Driven Membrane Separation Processes for Aqueous Systems 38944.4 A Membrane Separation Process for Aqueous Solutions Which Is Driven by an Electrical Potential Difference 39044.5 Gas Separation 39144.6 Pervaporation 39244.7 Medical Applications 39244.8 Additional Remarks 393References 39445 Microfiltration 39545.1 Introduction 39545.2 Membrane Types 39645.3 Membrane Characterization 39745.4 Filter Construction 39745.5 Operational Practice 398References 39946 Ultrafiltration 40146.1 Introduction 40146.2 Membrane Characterization 40146.3 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling 40246.4 Membrane Cleaning 40646.5 Ultrafiltration Membrane Systems 40746.6 Continuous Systems 40846.7 Applications 409References 41147 Reverse Osmosis 41347.1 Osmosis 41347.2 Reverse Osmosis 41447.3 Theoretical Background 41547.4 Concentration Polarization 41747.5 Membrane Specifications 41747.6 Membrane Qualities 41747.7 Reverse Osmosis Units 41847.8 Membrane Fouling Control and Cleaning 41947.9 Applications 42047.10 Nanofiltration Membranes 42147.11 Conclusions and Future Directions 421References 42148 Electrodialysis 42348.1 Introduction 42348.2 Functioning of Ion-Exchange Membranes 42448.3 Types of Ion Exchange Membranes 42448.4 Transport in Electrodialysis Membranes 42548.5 Power Consumption 42748.6 System Design 42748.7 Applications 428References 42949 Gas Separation 43149.1 Introduction 43149.2 Theoretical Background 43149.3 Process Design 43649.4 Applications 437References 44150 Case Studies Membranes 44350.1 Gel Formation 44350.2 Osmotic Pressure 44350.3 Membrane Gas Separation 444References 445Notation VII 447Greek Symbols 448Part VIII Crystallization, Liquid/Solid Separation, and Drying 44951 Crystallization 45151.1 Introduction 45151.2 Solubility 45151.3 Nucleation 45251.4 Crystal Growth 45351.5 Crystallizers and Crystallizer Operations 45451.6 The Population Density Balance 45751.7 Interpretation of the Results of Population Density Balances 463References 46652 Liquid/Solid separation 46752.1 Introduction 46752.2 Filtration 46752.2.1 Introduction 46752.2.2 Cake Filtration 46852.2.3 Filter Aids 47152.2.4 Deep-Bed Filtration 47252.2.5 Filtration Equipment 47252.3 Centrifugation 475Reference 47853 Convective Drying 47953.1 Introduction 47953.2 Four Important Continuous Convective Dryers in the Chemical Industry 48053.3 A First Example of Convective Drying 48253.4 The Adiabatic Saturation Temperature 48353.5 The Wet-Bulb Temperature 48553.6 The Mollier Diagram 48653.7 Drying Vacuum Pan Salt in a Plug Flow Fluid-Bed Dryer 48854 Design of a Flash Dryer 48954.1 Introduction 48954.2 Design 489Reference 49155 Contact Drying 49355.1 Introduction 49355.2 Scaling Up of a Conical Vacuum Dryer 49355.3 An Additional Remark Concerning Vacuum Drying 49755.4 Testing a Small Plate Dryer 49855.5 Testing a Continuous Paddle Dryer 50055.6 Scale Up of a Thin-Film Dryer 503Reference 50656 Case Studies Crystallization, Liquid/Solid Separation, and Drying 50756.1 Ultracentrifuges 50756.2 Le 2/3 50756.3 Convective Drying- 1 50856.4 Convective Drying- 2 50956.5 Analysis of a Spray-Drying Operation 50956.6 Estimation of the Size of a Contact Dryer 512References 515Notation VIII 517Greek Symbols 519Part IX Gas/Solid Separation 52157 Introduction 52358 Cyclones 52558.1 Introduction 52558.2 Sizing and Process Data 525References 52759 Fabric Filters 52959.1 Introduction 52959.2 Fabrics 52959.3 Baghouse Construction and Operation 531Reference 53260 Scrubbers 53360.1 Introduction 53360.2 Packed-Bed Scrubbers 53460.3 Venturi Scrubbers 53560.4 Mechanical Scrubbers 536References 53761 Electrostatic Precipitators 53961.1 Introduction 53961.2 Principle of Operation 54061.3 Process Data 54061.4 Construction 540Reference 542Notation IX 543Greek Symbols 543Index 545

O autorze

C.M. van 't Land ran the seminar and consulting company Van 't Land Processing between 1999 and 2020. Prior to that, he worked at Akzo Nobel Chemicals from 1968-2000 as process engineer, and later, process development manager and project leader. He is the author of Industrial Drying Equipment: Selection and Application, Industrial Crystallization of Melts, Drying in the Process Industry, and Safety in Design.