ISBN-13: 9781119605591 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 304 str.
ISBN-13: 9781119605591 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 304 str.
Preface xi1 Will Photovoltaics Stay Out of the Shadows? 1Joseph A. Paradiso1.1 Introduction 1References 62 Introduction to Micro Energy Harvesting 9Monika Freunek (Müller)2.1 Introduction and History 92.1.1 Brief History of Electric Generators and Loads 102.1.2 Forms of Energies and Energy Converters 102.2 Kinetic Energy 112.2.1 Oscillating Solid Objects 122.2.1.1 Human Motion 132.2.1.2 Vibrations 132.2.1.3 Flow of Gas and Fluids 142.2.1.4 Acoustic Vibrations 152.2.1.5 Elastic Energy 162.3 Thermoelectric Conversion 162.4 Electrochemical Potential 182.5 Electromagnetic Transmission 192.6 Atomic Batteries 192.7 Challenges 202.8 Conclusions and Outlook 20Acknowledgment 21References 213 Introduction to Indoor Photovoltaics 25Monika Freunek (Müller)3.1 Introduction 253.2 Indoor Spectra and Efficiencies 283.3 State of IPV Design, Issues, Approaches 313.4 Fields of Application 323.4.1 Customer and Office Applications 323.4.2 Ambient Assisted Living and Building Automatization 323.4.3 Industry, Agriculture, Horticulture, Retail, and Logistics 333.4.4 Relation of IPV to Outdoor Applications - Hiking, Emergency Kits 343.5 Degradation and Lifetime Issues 343.6 Conclusions and Outlook 35References 354 Modeling Indoor Irradiance 39Monika Freunek (Müller)4.1 Introduction 394.2 Fundamentals 404.2.1 Photometry and Its Impact on IPV 414.2.2 Comparison Measurements of Different Luxmeter Products and Settings 444.2.3 Conclusions for Indoor Irradiance Measurements 454.2.4 Available Data on Indoor Irradiance 454.3 Radiometric Solutions 474.3.1 Structure 474.3.2 Settings of the Studied Rooms 484.3.3 Investigated Installation Points 494.4 Analytical Model 524.4.1 Solar Radiation 524.4.2 Artifical Lighting 564.4.3 Interaction with Objects 604.4.4 Indirect Contributions of Solar Radiation 614.4.5 Final Results and Limits of Analytical Models 624.5 Simulations 624.5.1 Ray Tracing: Fundamental Principles 624.5.2 Radiance 644.5.3 DAYSIM 654.5.4 Calculation Methods and Parameters 664.5.5 Daylight Coefficient in DAYSIM 684.5.6 Environmental Parameters 694.5.7 Model Parameters 714.5.8 Results 734.5.9 Summary and Conclusion 854.6 Measurements 864.6.1 Available Measurement Methods 864.6.2 Long-Term Measurements Reference Year 894.6.3 Validating Simulation 944.6.4 Comparison Measurement Methods under Controlled Conditions 1004.7 Discussion and Recommendation 1034.8 Conclusion and Outlook 1044.8.1 Autarky Factors 1054.9 Acknowledgements 1064.10 Symbols and Abbreviations 1064.11 Constants 1094.12 Abbreviations 109Appendix 110References 1125 Characterization and Power Measurement of IPV Cells 115Stefan Winter5.1 Features of IPV Compared to Outdoor PV 1155.1.1 Irradiance 1165.1.2 Spectrum 1165.1.2.1 Consequences of the Different Spectra Regarding Efficiency 1175.1.3 Incident Angle Distribution 1175.1.4 Modulated Light Sources 1175.1.5 Further Effects 1185.1.6 Standardization 1185.2 Calibration Chain and Quality Management 1195.2.1 Basic Laboratory Measurement Methods for the Secondary Calibration of IPV Cells 1195.3 Flexible and Precise Method for Comprehensive and Primary Calibration of IPV Devices 1225.3.1 Lamp-Based Facility 1245.3.2 Laser-Based Facility 1245.4 DSR Calibration of IPV Cells 1285.4.1 Self-Referenced IV Characteristic 129Acknowledgment 130References 1316 Luminescent Solar Concentrators 133Evert P.J. Merkx and Erik van der Kolk6.1 Introduction 1346.2 A Crash Course in Luminescence 1356.2.1 Luminescence in Organic Dyes 1366.2.2 Luminescence in Rare Earth Ions 1386.2.3 Luminescence in Quantum Dots 1426.2.4 Hybrid Combinations 1436.3 Principle of Operation 1446.3.1 Absorption of Light 1446.3.2 Emission within the LSC 1456.3.3 Effects of Self-Absorption 1466.3.4 Influence of the Waveguide 1476.3.5 Conversion of Concentrated Light to Electricity 1476.4 Calculating LSC Performance 1486.4.1 Figures of Merit 1486.4.2 Upper Bound for LSC Efficiency 1496.4.3 Analytical Approach for Simple Geometries 1526.4.4 Semi-Analytical Optimization Calculations for Arbitrary Geometries 1536.4.5 Monte Carlo Simulations for Ray-Traced Complex Geometries 1576.4.6 Considerations for Thin-Film LSCs 1626.5 State-of-the-Art LSC Materials 1636.5.1 Measures for the Visual Performance of LSC Materials 1636.5.2 Evaluating the Performance of State-of-the-Art LSCs 1656.5.3 Dye-Based Luminescent Solar Concentrators 1676.5.4 Rare Earth-Based Luminescent Solar Concentrators 1686.5.5 Quantum Dot and Doped Quantum Dot-Based Luminescent Solar Concentrators 1696.6 Tm¯2+-Doped Halide Luminescent Solar Concentrators 1746.7 LSC for an IPV Perspective 1776.7.1 Performance Assessment 1776.7.2 Application Examples 1796.8 Conclusion 180Acknowledgements 181References 1817 Organic Photovoltaic Cells and Modules for Applications under Indoor Lighting Conditions 189Birger Zimmermann and Uli Würfel7.1 Introduction 1907.2 Implications of Indoor Lighting 1927.3 OPV Modules 1987.4 OPV Devices and Applications 2017.5 Acceptance and Safety Considerations 202References 2038 High-Efficiency Indoor Photovoltaic Energy Harvesting 213Matthias Kauer and Mathieu Bellanger8.1 Introduction 2148.2 Approaches for Efficient Indoor PV Energy Harvesting 2168.2.1 PV Energy Harvesting Technologies 2168.2.2 Commercial PV Energy Harvesting Devices 2178.2.3 Recent Research Results for PV Energy Harvesting Devices 2178.3 Lightricity's PV Energy Harvesting Technology 2218.3.1 Introduction 2218.3.2 Energy Harvester Device Fabrication and Device Characteristics 2228.4 High-Efficiency PV Energy Harvesting Power Supplies 2258.4.1 Introduction 2258.4.2 Energy Harvesting Power Management Solutions 2268.4.3 System Integration and Performance Testing 2308.5 Applications of Light Indoor Energy Harvesting 2338.5.1 Watches and Wearable Devices 2338.5.2 Wireless Building Automation Sensors 2338.5.3 Wireless Beacons 2368.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks 237Acknowledgments 238References 2389 Indoor Photovoltaics Based on AlGaAs 241Jamie Phillips, Eunseong Moon and Alan Teran9.1 Importance of AlGaAs for Indoor Photovoltaics 2429.2 Design Consideration for AlGaAs III-V Photovoltaic Cells 2459.2.1 Base/Absorber 2469.2.2 Contact 2479.2.3 Window 2489.2.4 Emitter 2489.2.5 Back Surface Field 2489.3 Large-Area AlGaAs III-V Photovoltaics 2499.4 Small-Area AlGaAs Photovoltaics 2529.4.1 Model of J-V Characteristics 2549.4.2 Performance of mm-Scale AlGaAs Photovoltaics 2579.4.3 Dark Current Limitations 2609.5 Monolithic GaAs PV Cell Arrays 2629.6 Conclusion 267References 268Index 273
Monika Freunek (Müller) studied Mechatronic and Product Engineering at the Universities of Applied Sciences of Bielefeld and Furtwangen, Germany from 2002-2006. After graduation and postdoctoral research at IBM Research Zurich, she worked as a researcher and co-founder of a start-up. Monika Freunek is now at BKW, Switzerland, as an energy specialist. Her main focus in research is modeling of energy and photovoltaic systems under different application conditions. She is an expert in indoor photovoltaics and has edited Photovoltaic Modeling Handbook (Wiley-Scrivener 2018).
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