Hypothalamic Control of Lactation

ISBN-13: 9783642462351 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 236 str.

Felix G. Sulman

Opis

The contents of this monograph "Hypothalamic Control of Lacta tion" are the result of studies by a nine-man team which has worked together for nine years. The topic is so fascinating that new research students are attracted to it every year, and the circle is growing steadily. This is, in fact, part of a much more extensive research field to which our Department is applying itself at present, viz. "Hypo thalamic Pharmacology." Our work in this sphere was made possible by a generous grant from the United States Department of Agriculture, which helped us during the first 5 years of research with Grant No. FG-IS-147, Project No. A10-AH-3, and recently with another grant for a further 5-year period, No. FG-IS-259, Project No. A10-AH-33. Our thanks are due to Dr. JOEL BITMAN, Hormone Physiology Leader of the USDA Agri cultural Research Service at Beltsville, Md., the sponsor of this research. As this monograph contains mainly references connected with our own work, the reader who wishes to make a survey of lactation should study the references cited in the bibliography, such as COWIE (1961, 1966), COWIE and FOLLEY (1957, 1961), FOLLEY (1952, 1956), JACOB SOHN (1961), LYONS and DIXON (1966), MEITES (1959a, 1961, 1966), MEITES and NICOLL (1966)."

Spis treści

I Physiological Regulation of Lactation.- 1. Mechanism of Lactation.- 2. Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis.- a) Hypothalamic Control of Prolactin Secretion.- b) Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor (PIF).- c) Prolactin-Releasing Factor (PRF).- d) Hypothalamic Feedback of Prolactin.- e) Effect of Steroids.- f) Interrelation between Pituitary Tropins.- g) Suckling.- h) Conclusions.- 3. Prolactin.- a) Introduction.- b) Storage and Release.- c) Properties.- d) Prolactin in Body Fluids.- e) Prolactin in Pituitary Tumors.- f) Effect of Prolactin on Mammary Growth.- g) Levels of Pituitary Prolactin in Various Stages of Lactation.- h) Theories on the Mechanism of Onset of Lactation.- i) Conclusion.- 4. Growth Hormone.- 5. Gonadotropins and Sex Steroids.- 6. Adrenocorticotropin and Corticosteroids.- 7. Thyrotropin and Thyroid Hormones.- 8. Oxytocin and Vasopressin.- 9. Parathormone and Calcitonin.- 10. Insulin and Glucagon.- 11. Pineal Gland.- 12. Placental and Amniotic Fluid.- II Pharmacological Regulation of Lactation.- 13. Hypothalamic Lactation Produced by Psychopharmaca.- a) History.- b) Dissociation of Mammotropic and Sedative Effects.- c) Biological Dissociation through Combined Treatment with Tranquilizers and Psychostimulants.- d) Chemical Dissociation by Molecular Changes of Tranquilizers.- e) Studies in Hypophysectomized Rats.- f) Conclusions.- 14. Mammotropic Effect of Phenothiazine Derivatives.- a) History.- b) Mammotropic Index (MTI).- c) Body Temperature Drop (BTD).- d) Screening of Phenothiazine Derivatives.- e) Screening of Phenothiazine Sulfoxides and Sulfodioxides.- f) Stimulation of Synthesis and Release of Prolactin by Perphenazine.- g) Intracerebral Implantation of Phenothiazine Derivatives.- h) Mammotropic Effect of Fluphenazine Enanthate in the Rat.- i) Comparative Study of Phenothiazine Effect on Hypothalamic Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor and MSH-Releasing Factor.- j) Conclusions.- 15. Mammotropic Effect of Phenothiazine-like Compounds.- 16. Mammotropic Effect of Reserpine Derivatives.- 17. Mammotropic Effect of Butyrophenones.- 18. Mammotropic Effect of Miscellaneous Psychotropic Drugs.- 19. Structure-Activity Relationship of Mammotropic Drugs and Receptor Theory.- 20. Pituitary-Ovary Axis in Hypothalamic Lactation.- 21. Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Hypothalamic Lactation.- 22. Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Hypothalamic Lactation.- a) Role of Thyroid in vivo and in vitro.- b) Thyroid and Hypothalamic Mammary Growth.- c) Thyroid and post-partum Galactopoiesis.- d) Conclusion.- 23. Prolactin Release by Hypothalamus of Nursing Rat Mothers.- 24. Prolactin as Luteotropic Hormone.- III Prolactin Assay.- 25. In vitro Methods.- a) Effect of Hypothalamus.- b) Effect of Pituitary.- c) Effect of Steroids.- d) Effect of Neurohormones.- e) Effect of Phenothiazines.- f) Effect of Reserpine.- g) Effect of Thyroid.- h) Effect of Oxytocin.- i) Conclusion.- 26. In vivo Methods.- a) Rabbit Tests.- ?) Rabbit Intraductal Method.- ?) Rabbit Intracerebral Test.- b) Rat Tests.- ?) Mammotropic Index in Female Rats.- ?) Milk Yield Test in post-partum Rats.- c) Pigeon Tests.- ?) Systemic Pigeon Crop Gland Weight Method.- ?) Intradermal Pigeon Crop Gland Method.- d) Concentration Methods.- 27. Radioimmunoassay.- IV Problems of Lactation.- 28. Lactation in Humans.- a) Lactation and post-partum Amenorrhea.- b) Inhibition of Lactation and Breast Engorgement.- c) Persistence of Lactation and Menstrual Cycle.- d) Sterility during Lactation.- e) Galactorrhea as a General Syndrome.- f) Forbes-Albright-Castillo Syndrome.- g) Chiari-Frommel Syndrome.- h) Sheehan’s Syndrome.- i) Hypothalamic Lactation.- j) Promotion of post-partum Lactation.- k) Gynecomastia.- ?) Morphology.- ?) Physiologic States.- ?) Pathological Conditions.- l) Conclusion.- 29. Conclusions.- 30. Research Problems.- References.