Hydraulic Control Systems

ISBN-13: 9781119416470 / Angielski / Twarda / 2019 / 416 str.

Noah D. Manring; Roger C. Fales

Spis treści

Preface to the Second Edition xvPreface to the First Edition xviiIntroduction xixI Fundamentals 11 Fluid Properties 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Fluid Mass Density 31.2.1 Equation of State 31.2.2 Density-Volume Relationship 41.3 Fluid Bulk Modulus 51.3.1 Definitions 51.3.2 Effective Bulk Modulus 71.3.3 Measuring the Fluid Bulk Modulus 161.4 Thermal Fluid Properties 191.4.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 191.4.2 Thermal Conductivity 231.4.3 Specific Heat 241.5 Fluid Viscosity 251.5.1 Definitions 251.5.2 Viscous Drag Coefficient 271.5.3 Viscosity Charts and Models 271.6 Vapor Pressure 291.7 Chemical Properties 291.8 Fluid Types and Selection 301.8.1 Petroleum-Based Fluids 301.8.2 Synthetic Fluids 301.8.3 Biodegradable Fluids 301.8.4 Water 311.8.5 Fluid Selection 311.9 Conclusion 321.10 References 321.11 Homework Problems 321.11.1 Fluid Mass Density 321.11.2 Fluid Bulk Modulus 331.11.3 Thermal Fluid Properties 331.11.4 Fluid Viscosity 342 Fluid Mechanics 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Governing Equations 352.2.1 Navier-Stokes Equations 352.2.2 High Reynolds Number Flow 362.2.3 Low Reynolds Number Flow 382.2.4 Turbulent versus Laminar Flow 412.2.5 Control Volume Analysis 422.3 Fluid Flow 472.3.1 The Reynolds Number 472.3.2 Bernoulli Flow and the Orifice Equation 482.3.3 Poiseuille Flow and the Annular Leakage Equation 502.3.4 Pipe Flow 562.4 Pressure Losses 602.4.1 Major Losses 602.4.2 Minor Losses 602.5 Pressure Transients 662.5.1 Hydraulic Conduits 662.5.2 Water Hammer 682.5.3 Pressure Rise Rates within a Varying Control Volume 702.6 Hydraulic Energy and Power 722.6.1 Fluid Power 722.6.2 Heat Generation in Hydraulic Systems 732.7 Lubrication Theory 742.8 Conclusion 772.9 References 782.10 Homework Problems 782.10.1 Governing Equations 782.10.2 Fluid Flow 782.10.3 Fluid Pressure 792.10.4 Fluid Power 793 Dynamic Systems and Control 813.1 Introduction 813.2 Modeling 813.2.1 General 813.2.2 Mechanical Systems 823.2.3 Hydromechanical Systems 833.2.4 Electromechanical Systems 843.2.5 Summary 853.3 Linearization 853.3.1 General 853.3.2 The Taylor Series Expansion 863.3.3 Examples of Linearization 873.4 Dynamic Behavior 883.4.1 First-Order Response 883.4.2 Second-Order Response 923.4.3 Higher-Order Response 1023.5 State Space Analysis 1033.5.1 General 1033.5.2 State Space Equations 1033.5.3 Characteristic Equation 1043.6 Block Diagrams and the Laplace Transform 1043.6.1 General 1043.6.2 Laplace Transform 1043.6.3 Partial Fraction Expansion 1073.6.4 Block Diagrams 1103.7 Stability 1193.7.1 General 1193.7.2 Stability Criterion 1193.7.3 Summary 1233.8 Feedback Control 1233.8.1 General 1233.8.2 PID Controller Design in the Time Domain 1253.8.3 Control Design in the Frequency Domain 1303.8.4 Digital Control 1383.8.5 Controllability and State Feedback Controller Design 1483.8.6 Observability and State Estimation 1503.8.7 Summary 1523.9 Conclusion 1523.10 References 1523.11 Homework Problems 1533.11.1 Modeling 1533.11.2 Linearization 1533.11.3 Dynamic Behavior 1533.11.4 Block Diagrams and the Laplace Transform 1543.11.5 Feedback Control 154II Hydraulic Components 1554 Hydraulic Valves 1574.1 Introduction 1574.2 Valve Flow Coefficients 1584.2.1 Overview 1584.2.2 Linearized Flow Equation 1594.2.3 Valve Porting Geometry 1604.2.4 Summary 1634.3 Two-Way Spool Valves 1634.3.1 Overview 1634.3.2 Efficiency 1644.3.3 Flow Forces 1654.3.4 Pressure Relief Valves 1724.3.5 Summary 1764.4 Three-Way Spool Valves 1764.4.1 Overview 1764.4.2 Efficiency 1804.4.3 Flow Forces 1814.4.4 Hydromechanical Valves 1824.4.5 Summary 1854.5 Four-Way Spool Valves 1854.5.1 Overview 1854.5.2 Efficiency 1884.5.3 Flow Forces 1904.5.4 Two-Stage Electrohydraulic Valves 1914.5.5 Summary 1994.6 Poppet Valves 2004.6.1 Overview 2004.6.2 Efficiency 2024.6.3 Flow Forces 2024.6.4 Pressure Relief Valves 2034.6.5 Summary 2074.7 Flapper Nozzle Valves 2084.7.1 Overview 2084.7.2 Efficiency 2094.7.3 Flow Forces 2104.7.4 Two-Stage Electrohydraulic Valves 2134.7.5 Summary 2224.8 Conclusion 2224.9 References 2224.10 Homework Problems 2224.10.1 Valve Flow Coefficients 2224.10.2 Spool Valves 2234.10.3 Poppet Valves 2234.10.4 Flapper Nozzle Valves 2245 Hydraulic Pumps 2255.1 Introduction 2255.1.1 Overview 2255.1.2 Hydrostatic Pump Types 2265.1.3 Summary 2325.2 Pump Efficiency 2335.2.1 Overview 2335.2.2 Efficiency Definitions 2335.2.3 Modeling Pump Efficiency 2345.2.4 Measuring Pump Efficiency 2355.2.5 Summary 2395.3 Gear Pumps 2395.3.1 Overview 2395.3.2 Pump Flow Characteristics 2405.3.3 Pump Control 2435.3.4 Summary 2435.4 Axial-Piston Swash-Plate Pumps 2435.4.1 Overview 2435.4.2 Pump Flow Characteristics 2445.4.3 Pressure-Controlled Pumps 2465.4.4 Displacement-Controlled Pumps 2545.4.5 Summary 2585.5 Conclusion 2595.6 References 2595.7 Homework Problems 2605.7.1 Pump Efficiency 2605.7.2 Gear Pumps 2605.7.3 Axial-Piston Swash-Plate Pumps 2616 Hydraulic Actuators 2636.1 Introduction 2636.2 Actuator Types 2636.2.1 Linear Actuators 2636.2.2 Rotary Actuators 2656.3 Linear Actuators 2666.3.1 Overview 2666.3.2 Efficiency 2666.3.3 Actuator Function 2676.3.4 Summary 2706.4 Rotary Actuators 2706.4.1 Overview 2706.4.2 Efficiency 2706.4.3 Actuator Function 2726.4.4 Summary 2736.5 Conclusion 2736.6 References 2746.7 Homework Problems 2746.7.1 Linear Actuators 2746.7.2 Rotary Actuators 2747 Auxiliary Components 2757.1 Introduction 2757.2 Accumulators 2757.2.1 Function of the Accumulator 2757.2.2 Design of the Accumulator 2777.3 Hydraulic Conduits 2817.3.1 Function of Hydraulic Conduits 2817.3.2 Specification of Hydraulic Conduits 2817.4 Reservoirs 2837.4.1 Functions of the Reservoir 2837.4.2 Design of the Reservoir 2837.5 Coolers 2867.5.1 Function of the Cooler 2867.5.2 Design of the Cooler 2867.6 Filters 2877.6.1 Function of the Filter 2877.6.2 Placement of the Filter 2877.7 Conclusion 2897.8 References 2907.9 Homework Problems 2907.9.1 Accumulators 2907.9.2 Hydraulic Conduits 2907.9.3 Reservoirs 2917.9.4 Coolers 2917.9.5 Filters 292III Hydraulic Control Systems 2938 Valve-Controlled Hydraulic Systems 2958.1 Introduction 2958.2 Four-Way Valve Control of a Linear Actuator 2978.2.1 Description 2978.2.2 Analysis 2988.2.3 Design 3008.2.4 Control 3068.2.5 Summary 3118.3 Three-Way Valve Control of a Single-Rod Linear Actuator 3128.3.1 Description 3128.3.2 Analysis 3138.3.3 Design 3158.3.4 Control 3208.3.5 Summary 3258.4 Four-Way Valve Control of a Rotary Actuator 3268.4.1 Description 3268.4.2 Analysis 3278.4.3 Design 3298.4.4 Control 3338.4.5 Summary 3398.5 Conclusion 3408.6 References 3418.7 Homework Problems 3418.7.1 Four-Way Valve Control of a Linear Actuator 3418.7.2 Three-Way Valve Control of a Single Rod Linear Actuator 3428.7.3 Four-Way Valve Control of a Rotary Actuator 3429 Pump-Controlled Hydraulic Systems 3459.1 Introduction 3459.2 Fixed-displacement Pump Control of a Linear Actuator 3469.2.1 Description 3469.2.2 Analysis 3489.2.3 Design 3499.2.4 Control 3529.2.5 Summary 3579.3 Variable-displacement Pump Control of a Rotary Actuator 3589.3.1 Description 3589.3.2 Analysis 3599.3.3 Design 3619.3.4 Control 3669.3.5 Summary 3729.4 Conclusion 3729.5 References 3739.6 Homework Problems 3739.6.1 Fixed-displacement Pump Control of a Linear Actuator 3739.6.2 Variable-displacement Pump Control of a Rotary Actuator 374Unit Conversions 375Length 375Area 375Mass 375Volume 375Density 375Temperature 375Pressure 376Flow 376Torque 376Angular Speed 376Force 376Linear Velocity 376Power 376Index 377

O autorze

NOAH D. MANRING, PHD, is the Glen A. Barton Professor of fluid power and chair in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Missouri. A former engineer for Caterpillar Inc. and Danfoss Power Solutions (formerly Sauer Sundstrand), he has experience developing hydraulic pumps and fluid power systems and controls.ROGER C. FALES, PHD, is an Associate Professor in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Missouri. A former engineer for Caterpillar Inc., he has experience developing fluid power and off-highway machine systems and controls.