How to Produce Methanol from Coal

ISBN-13: 9783662008973 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 203 str.

Emil Supp

Opis

Owing to efforts and legislative action - initiated above all by the government of the United States - to use cleaner fuels and thus make a contribution towards a better environment, public attention is back again on using methanol in carbu rettor and diesel engines. Most prominent among the raw materials from which methanol can be produced is coal, whose deposits and resources are many times larger than those of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. This book deals with the production of methanol from coal. It describes both the individual steps that are required for this process and the essential ancillary units and offsites associated with the process itself . . It is not meant to inform the reader about the intricate details of the processes, which can much better be taken from the specialized literature that deals exclusively and in detail with them or from the well-known standard engineering books. Rather, this book is to give the reader an impression how manifold a field this is, how many process variations and combinations the designer of such plants has to consider in order to arrive at an optimum design in each particular case. Apart from the production of chemical-grade methanol, the book deals briefly also with fuel methanol production, i. e. with the production of alcohol mixes. One of the many possible routes from coal to methanol is illustrated by a process flow diagram, and a material and energy balance is compiled for this typical example."

Spis treści

1. How to Produce Gas from Coal?.- 1.1 What and Where Is Coal?.- 1.1.1 Reserves and Resources?.- 1.1.2 Properties of Different Types of Coal.- 1.1.3 Exploration, Mining and Coal Preparation.- 1.2 Coal Gasification.- 1.2.1 History.- 1.2.2 Methods of Coal Gasification.- 1.2.3 Selection of Suitable Processes.- 1.2.4 Fundamentals of Coal Gasification.- 1.3 Technology of Gasification Processes.- 1.3.1 Moving Bed Gasification.- 1.3.2 Fluidized Bed Gasification.- 1.3.3 Entrained Flow Gasification.- 1.3.4 Sluny Gasification.- 1.4 Interim Summary.- 2. How to Purify and to Condition Methanol Synthesis Gas?.- 2.1 Why and to What Extent Is Gas Purification Required?.- 2.2 Principles of Gas Purification.- 2.2.1 Adsorption.- 2.2.2 Absorption.- 2.2.3 Mechanical/Physical Gas Purification.- 2.3 Different Types of Gas Purification Processes.- 2.3.1 Physical Purification Processes.- 2.3.2 Chemical Purification Processes.- 2.3.3 Processes Using Mixed Solvents.- 2.3.4 COS-Shift to Assist Gas Purification.- 2.4 Conditioning of Methanol Synthesis Gas.- 2.4.1 Conditioning to Improve the Stoichiometric Number.- 2.4.2 Conditioning to Improve the Syngas Yield.- 3. How to Synthezise Methanol and Alcohol Mixtures?.- 3.1 Methanol — Its History, Its Properties and What Becomes of It.- 3.1.1 History of Methanol.- 3.1.2 The Use of Methanol.- 3.1.3 Physical Properties.- 3.1.4 Chemical Properties.- 3.1.5 Toxicity.- 3.2 Fundamentals of Methanol Synthesis.- 3.2.1 Physical Basis.- 3.2.2 Methanol Yield from Syngas.- 3.2.3 Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis.- 3.2.4 Selection of Reaction Conditions.- 3.3 Synthesis Loop and Its Various Appearances.- 3.3.1 The Loop.- 3.3.2 Methanol Syntheses Using Fixed Bed Catalysts.- 3.3.3 Other Methanol Syntheses.- 3.4 Production of Mixed Alcohols.- 3.4.1 Why Mixed Alcohols and Which Ones?.- 3.4.2 Different Types of Mixed Alcohols Processes.- 4. How to Obtain Pure Methanol?.- 4.1 Why Refining Methanol?.- 4.2 Basic Methanol Distillation Systems.- 4.3 Production of Grade AA Methanol.- 4.4 Purification of Mixed Alcohols.- 5. How to Process By-Products and Wastes?.- 5.1 Water and Aqueous Condensates.- 5.1.1 Treatment of Aqueous Condensates.- 5.1.2 Removal and Recovery of Sulfur and Ammonia.- 5.1.3 Biological Treatment.- 5.2 Hydrocarbon Condensates.- 5.3 Waste Gases.- 5.3.1 Recovery of Elemental Sulfur.- 5.3.2 Design Variations of the CLAUS Process.- 5.3.3 Production of Sulfuric Acid.- 5.3.4 Tailgas Clean-up.- 6. How to Supply Utilities to a Coal-to-Methanol Plant?.- 6.1 Air Separation Units.- 6.2 Steam and Electric Power.- 6.3 Water and Boiler Feed Water.- 6.4 Cooling Systems.- 6.5 Inert Gas.- 6.6 Instrument and Operating Air.- 6.7 Other Off-Sites.- 7. What Could a Methanol Plant Look Like?.- 7.1 Methanol from Lignite — Application of the LURGI Pressure Gasification Process.- 7.2 Description of the Process Concept.- 8. Future Outlook.