Handbook of Psychopharmacology: Volume 10: Neoroleptics and Schizophrenia

ISBN-13: 9781461340447 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 250 str.

Leslie Iversen

Opis

Perhaps more than any other group of psychotropic drugs, the neuroleptics are a focus for integrating clinical application, neurotransmitter disposition, and pathophysiologic mechanisms of mental illness. Neuroleptic is a term referring to drugs of several chemical classes-phenothiazines, thioxan thenes, and butyrophenones-which have in common a selective ability to alleviate schizophrenic symptoms. Delay and Deniker derived the word neuroleptic from the Greek meaning "to grasp the neuron. " They coined the name because they noted that therapeutic responses to chlorpromazine tended to accompany the onset of neurological, extrapyramidal side effects, which they therefore felt related to the essence of the drug's antischizo phrenic actions. Subsequent research, particularly relating to neuroleptic effects on dopamine receptors, suggests that both therapeutic and neurologic untoward effects involve dopaminergic mechanisms, explaining their close though not invariant association. The chapter by Davis and Garver summa rizes clinical facets of neuroleptics, analyzing their apparently specific clinical effects as well as reviewing practical features of drug use. Crane's chapter deals with tardive dyskinesia and other neurological side effects. Fielding and Lal discuss behavioral studies in animals which provide models for assessing the drugs' therapeutic efficacy. Janssen and Van Bever deal with the remarkable structure-activity relationships of the butyrophenones, the most potent and selective neuroleptics which were almost single-handedly devel oped through the brilliant efforts of Paul Janssen. Shore and Giachetti describe basic and clinical features of reserpine, the neurotransmitter effects of which differ from .

Spis treści

1 Structure-Activity Relationships of the Butyrophenones and Diphenylbutylpiperidines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure-Activity Relationships.- 2.1. Butyrophenones.- 2.2. Diphenylbutylpiperidines.- 3. Pharmacology.- 3.1. Potency and Duration of Action.- 3.2. Oral Effectiveness.- 3.3. Antipsychotic Activity.- 3.4. Side-Effect Liability.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 2 Biochemical Actions of Neuroleptic Drugs: Focus on the Dopamine Receptor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Early Biochemical Studies.- 3. Dopamine Metabolism and Neuroleptics.- 4. The Dopamine-Sensitive Adenylate Cyclase.- 5. Labeling the Dopamine Receptor.- 5.1. Evidence for a Two-State Model of the Dopamine Receptor.- 5.2. LSD as a Mixed Agonist—Antagonist at Dopamine Receptors.- 5.3. Dopamine-Receptor Binding Predicts Clinical and Pharmacological Potencies of Antischizophrenic Drugs.- 5.4. Dopamine-Receptor Binding Increases after Destruction of Dopamine Innervation: Correlation with Behavioral Supersensitivity.- 5.5. Dopamine-Receptor Binding after Chronic Drug Treatment.- 5.6. A Radioreceptor Assay to Measure Blood Neuroleptic Levels.- 5.7. Labeling Dopamine Receptors in Brain and Pituitary with [3H]Spiroperidol.- 6. References.- 3 Behavioral Actions of Neuroleptics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect on Feeding and Drinking.- 2.1. Feeding in Normal Animals.- 2.2. Recovery from Lateral Hypothalamic Syndrome.- 3. Locomotor Activity and Catalepsy.- 4. Antiamphetamine Action.- 4.1. Stereotypy.- 4.2. Mouse Jumping.- 4.3. Agitation and Oxygen Consumption.- 4.4. Circling Behavior.- 5. Avoidance Behavior.- 6. Brain Self-Stimulation.- 7. Aggression.- 7.1. Apomorphine-Induced Aggression.- 7.2. Morphine-Withdrawal Aggression.- 7.3. Isolation-Induced Aggression.- 7.4. Pain-Induced Aggression.- 8. Narcotic-Withdrawal Syndrome.- 9. Conclusions.- 10. References.- 4 Neuroleptics: Clinical Use in Psychiatry.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Methodology of Drug Studies.- 3. Efficacy of Antipsychotic Drugs.- 3.1. Comparative Effects.- 3.2. High-Dose Phenothiazine Treatment.- 3.3. Blood Levels and Therapeutic Response.- 4. Maintenance Treatment with Antipsychotic Medication.- 4.1. Drug Holidays.- 5. Cost of Medication and Dispensing.- 6. Antipsychotic Drugs and Somatic Therapies.- 7. Drug Combinations.- 8. Drug, Psychological, and Social Treatments.- 9. New Antipsychotic Drugs.- 10. References.- 5 Tardive Dyskinesia and Related Neurologic Disorders.- 1. Historical Background.- 2. Clinical Findings.- 2.1. Classification.- 2.2. Description.- 3. Predisposing Factors.- 3.1. Age.- 3.2. Sex.- 3.3. Diagnosis.- 4. Drug Effects.- 4.1. Dosage and Total Intake.- 4.2. Types of Drugs.- 4.3. Duration of Treatment.- 4.4. Current Drug Status.- 4.5. Outcome.- 5. Severity and Combinations of Symptoms.- 6. Disability and Complications.- 7. Differential Diagnosis.- 8. Pathophysiology.- 9. Neuropharmacology.- 9.1. Huntington’s Disease as a Model for Tardive Dyskinesia.- 9.2. Levodopa in Parkinsonism as a Model for Tardive Dyskinesia.- 9.3. Other Models for Tardive Dyskinesia.- 9.4. Animal Studies.- Therapy.- 11. Concluding Remarks.- 12. References.- 6 Reserpine: Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Source, History, and Analogs.- 3. Distribution and Metabolism.- 4. Pharmacological Effects in Laboratory Animals.- 5. Clinical Pharmacology.- 6. Biochemical Mechanism of Action.- 7. Interaction of Reserpine with Other Centrally Acting Drugs.- 8. The Reserpine Receptor.- 9. References.- 7 Neurotransmitter Theories of Schizophrenia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Survey of Neurotransmitter Theories.- 2.1. Acetylcholine.- 2.2. Noradrenaline.- 2.3. Serotonin.- 2.4. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid.- 2.5. Dopamine.- 3. General Principles Underlying Neurotransmitter Theories in Psychiatry.- 3.1. Stereotypy Model.- 3.2. Chorea Model.- 4. Attention in Schizophrenia and Its Pharmacology.- 5. References.