Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis

ISBN-13: 9781119577157 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023 / 400 str.

Speight

Spis treści

About the AuthorPreface xv1 History and Terminology 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Historical Perspectives 81.2.1 Pre- Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen 81.2.2 Post- Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen 141.3 Definitions and Terminology 151.3.1 Nonviscous Feedstocks 171.3.1.1 Crude Oil 171.3.1.2 Opportunity Crude Oil 211.3.1.3 High- Acid Crude Oil 251.3.1.4 Foamy Oil 261.3.2 Viscous Feedstocks 271.3.2.1 Gas Oil 291.3.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil 301.3.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil 331.3.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 361.3.2.5 Residuum 411.3.2.6 Asphalt 451.3.2.7 Tar and Pitch 491.3.2.8 Sludge 501.4 Classification 511.5 Feedstock Evaluation 531.6 Modern Analytical Perspectives 56References 582 Sampling and Measurement 632.1 Introduction 632.2 Sampling 642.2.1 Sampling Protocol 702.2.1.1 Sampling Semi- volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds 712.2.1.2 Solids 752.2.1.3 Extract Concentration 772.2.1.4 Sample Cleanup 802.2.2 Representative Sample 802.2.3 Sampling Error 822.3 Measurement 822.4 Method Validation 852.4.1 Requirements 872.4.2 Method Detection Limit 872.4.3 Accuracy 882.4.4 Precision 892.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 902.5.1 Quality Control 902.5.2 Quality Assurance 922.6 Assay and Specifications 932.6.1 Assay 952.6.2 Specifications 992.6.3 Metallic Constituents 1002.6.4 Water Content 1012.7 Environmental Issues 102References 1043 Chemical Composition 1093.1 Introduction 1093.2 Elemental Composition 1143.3 Chemical Composition 1203.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents 1223.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1233.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1243.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1243.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1243.3.2 Non- hydrocarbon Constituents 1253.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds 1253.3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds 1263.3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds 1263.3.3 Metallic Constituents 1273.3.4 Porphyrins 1283.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation 1313.4.1 Vacuum Gas Oil 1353.4.2 Vacuum Residua 1363.5 Chemical Composition by Spectroscopy 1373.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy 1383.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 1383.5.3 Mass Spectrometry 1393.5.4 Other Techniques 141References 1424 Fractional Composition 1494.1 Introduction 1494.2 Distillation 1514.3 Solvent Treatment 1524.3.1 Asphaltene Separation 1564.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type 1584.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution 1604.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature 1604.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time 1614.3.2 Fractionation 1614.3.3 Carbenes and Carboids 1634.4 Adsorption 1644.4.1 Chemical Factors 1654.4.2 Fractionation Methods 1664.4.2.1 General Methods 1664.4.2.2 ASTM Methods 1724.5 Chemical Methods 1734.5.1 Acid Treatment 1734.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation 1744.5.2.1 Urea Adduction 1744.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction 1764.5.2.3 Adduct Composition 1764.5.2.4 Adduct Structure 1764.5.2.5 Adduct Properties 1784.6 The Asphaltene Fraction 1794.7 Carbenes and Carboids 1804.8 Use of the Data 182References 1855 Chemical Properties 1915.1 Introduction 1915.2 Acid Number 1935.3 Elemental Analysis and Metals 1975.4 Emulsion Formation 2015.5 Evaporation 2025.6 Flash Point and Fire Point 2035.7 Functional Group Analysis 2045.8 Halogenation 2085.9 Hydrogenation 2105.10 Oxidation 2165.11 Thermal Methods 2195.12 Miscellaneous Methods 222References 2236 Physical Properties, Electrical Properties, and Optical Properties 2296.1 Introduction 2296.2 Physical Properties 2336.2.1 Adhesion 2346.2.2 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity 2356.2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tension 2386.2.4 Viscosity 2396.3 Electrical Properties 2436.3.1 Conductivity 2436.3.2 Dielectric Constant 2446.3.3 Dielectric Strength 2446.3.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor 2456.3.5 Static Electrification 2466.4 Optical Properties 2466.4.1 Optical Activity 2486.4.2 Refractive Index 249References 2507 Thermal Properties 2557.1 Introduction 2557.2 Ash Production 2567.3 Carbon Residue 2587.4 Critical Properties 2607.5 Enthalpy 2627.6 Heat of Combustion 2637.7 Latent Heat 2647.8 Liquefaction and Solidification 2657.9 Pour Point 2677.10 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships 2677.11 Softening Point 2697.12 Specific Heat 2697.13 Thermal Conductivity 2717.14 Volatility 272References 2788 Chromatographic Properties 2838.1 Introduction 2838.2 Adsorption Chromatography 2868.3 Gas Chromatography 2918.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography 2988.5 High- Performance Liquid Chromatography 3008.6 Ion Exchange Chromatography 3038.7 Simulated Distillation 3058.8 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 3078.9 Thin Layer Chromatography 309References 3119 Structural Group Analysis 3179.1 Introduction 3179.2 Physical Property Methods 3209.2.1 Density Method 3219.2.2 Density-Temperature Coefficient Method 3219.2.3 Direct Method 3229.2.4 Dispersion-Refraction Method 3239.2.5 Molecular Weight- Refractive Index Method 3249.2.6 n-d-M Method 3259.2.7 Waterman Ring Analysis 3259.2.8 Miscellaneous Methods 3279.3 Spectroscopic Methods 3289.3.1 Electron Spin Resonance 3299.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy 3299.3.3 Mass Spectrometry 3339.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 3399.3.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 3459.3.6 X- ray Diffraction 3459.4 Heteroatom Systems 3479.4.1 Nitrogen 3479.4.2 Oxygen 3489.4.3 Sulfur 3489.4.4 Metals 3499.5 Miscellaneous Methods 349References 35010 Molecular Weight Determination 35710.1 Introduction 35710.2 Methods for Molecular Weight Measurement 36010.2.1 Vapor Pressure Osmometry 36110.2.2 Freezing Point Depression 36510.2.3 Boiling Point Elevation 36610.2.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography 36710.2.5 Mass Spectrometry 36910.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 37010.3 Molecular Weights of Volatile Fractions 37010.4 Molecular Weights of Nonvolatile Fractions 37110.4.1 Resins 37210.4.2 Asphaltenes 37210.4.3 Carbenes and Carboids 378References 37911 Instability and Incompatibility 38311.1 Introduction 38311.2 Occurrence of Instability and Incompatibility 38911.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility 39411.3.1 Acidity 39511.3.2 Asphaltene Content 39511.3.3 Density/Specific Gravity 39811.3.4 Elemental Analysis 39811.3.5 Metals Content 39911.3.6 Pour Point 40011.3.7 Viscosity 40011.3.8 Volatility 40011.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, Bottom Sediment and Water (BS&W) 40211.4 Determination of Instability and Incompatibility 403References 40612 Use of the Data 41312.1 Introduction 41312.2 Use of the Data 41412.3 Process Analysis and Feedstock Mapping 41612.3.1 Property Predictions 41812.3.2 Predicting Separations 41812.3.3 Process Predictability 41912.4 Environmental Aspects of Processing 41912.4.1 Gaseous Emissions 42212.4.2 Liquid Effluents 42812.4.3 Solid Effluents 43012.5 Analytical Methods for Environmental Regulations 43112.5.1 Definitions 43212.5.2 Environmental Regulations 43412.5.3 Environmental Analysis 435References 437Glossary 441Conversion Factors 467Index 469

O autorze

James G. Speight, PhD, is an independent fuel and environmental consultant with an international reputation for expertise in fuel properties and environmental impacts. He has authored over 100 books and papers and has received numerous awards and distinctions for his research and work in oil refinement and processing.