Handbook of Gasification Technology: Science, Processes, and Applications

ISBN-13: 9781118773536 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020 / 544 str.

James G. Speight

Spis treści

Preface xivPart 1: Synthesis Gas Production 11 Energy Sources and Energy Supply 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Typical Energy Sources 61.2.1 Natural Gas and Natural Gas Hydrates 61.2.2 The Crude Oil Family 71.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil and Tar Sand Bitumen 101.3 Other Energy Sources 111.3.1 Coal 121.3.2 Oil Shale 141.3.3 Biomass 161.3.4 Solid Waste 191.4 Energy Supply 221.4.1 Economic Factors 221.4.2 Geopolitical Factors 221.4.3 Physical Factors 231.4.4 Technological Factors 241.5 Energy Independence 25References 292 Overview of Gasification 352.1 Introduction 352.2 Gasification Processes 382.2.1 Processes 402.3 Feedstocks 412.3.1 Influence of Feedstock Quality 482.3.2 Feedstock Preparation 502.3.2.1 Crushing/Sizing/Drying 512.3.2.2 Pelletizing and Briquetting 512.4 Power Generation 522.5 Synthetic-Fuel Production 532.5.1 Gaseous Products 542.5.1.1 Synthesis Gas 542.5.1.2 Low Btu Gas 552.5.1.3 Medium Btu Gas 552.5.1.4 High Heat-Content Gas 562.5.2 Liquid Fuels 562.5.3 Tar 572.6 Advantages and Limitations 582.7 Market Developments and Outlook 60References 623 Gasifier Types- Designs and Engineering 673.1 Introduction 673.2 Gasifier Types 683.2.1 Fixed Bed Gasifier 723.2.2 Fluid Bed Gasifier 753.2.3 Entrained Bed Gasifier 783.2.4 Molten Salt Gasifier 793.2.5 Plasma Gasifier 803.2.6 Slagging Gasifier 823.2.7 Other Types 833.3 Designs 833.3.1 General Design Aspects 843.3.2 Chemical and Physical Aspects 853.3.2.1 Chemical Aspects 853.3.2.2 Influence of Feedstock Quality 863.3.2.3 Mineral Matter Content 883.3.2.4 Mixed Feedstocks 893.3.2.5 Moisture Content 893.3.3 Physical Effects 903.3.3.1 Bulk Density 903.3.3.2 Char Gasification 903.3.3.3 Devolatilization and Volatile Matter Production 913.3.3.4 Particle Size and Distribution 923.4 Mechanism 923.4.1 Primary Gasification 933.4.2 Secondary Gasification 933.4.3 Hydrogasification 943.4.4 Catalytic Gasification 953.5 Energy Balance 963.6 Gasifier-Feedstock Compatibility 973.6.1 Feedstock Reactivity 973.6.2 Energy Content 983.7 Products 993.7.1 Gases 1003.7.2 Tar 102References 1034 Chemistry, Thermodynamics, and Kinetics 1074.1 Introduction 1074.2 Chemistry 1084.2.1 Pretreatment 1094.2.2 Gasification Reactions 1104.2.2.1 Primary Gasification 1134.2.2.2 Secondary Gasification 1144.2.2.3 Water Gas Shift Reaction 1174.2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Gasification 1184.2.2.5 Hydrogasification 1194.2.2.6 Methanation 1204.2.2.7 Catalytic Gasification 1214.2.2.8 Effect of Process Parameters 1224.2.3 Physical Effects 1224.3 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 1244.3.1 Thermodynamics 1264.3.2 Kinetics 1274.4 Products 1284.4.1 Gaseous Products 1314.4.1.1 Low Btu Gas 1324.4.1.2 Medium Btu Gas 1334.4.1.3 High Btu Gas 1344.4.1.4 Synthesis Gas 1344.4.2 Liquid Products 1354.4.3 Tar 1364.4.4 Soot 1364.4.5 Char 1374.4.6 Slag 138References 138Part 2: Process Feedstocks 1415 Coal Gasification 1435.1 Introduction 1435.2 Coal Types and Reactions 1475.2.1 Types 1485.2.2 Reactions 1495.2.3 Properties 1515.3 Processes 1525.3.1 Coal Devolatilization 1545.3.2 Char Gasification 1545.3.3 Gasification Chemistry 1555.3.4 Other Process Options 1565.3.4.1 Hydrogasification 1575.3.4.2 Catalytic Gasification 1575.3.4.3 Plasma Gasification 1585.3.5 Process Optimization 1585.4 Product Quality 1605.4.1 Low Btu Gas 1605.4.2 Medium Btu Gas 1615.4.3 High Btu Gas 1615.4.4 Methane 1625.4.5 Hydrogen 1625.4.6 Other Products 1635.5 Chemicals Production 1645.5.1 Coal Tar Chemicals 1645.5.2 Fischer-Tropsch Chemicals 1665.5.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts 1675.5.2.2 Product Distribution 1685.6 Advantages and Limitations 168References 1696 Gasification of Viscous Feedstock 1736.1 Introduction 1736.2 Viscous Feedstocks 1776.2.1 Crude Oil Resids 1786.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil 1806.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil 1806.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 1816.2.5 Other Feedstocks 1826.2.5.1 Crude Oil Coke 1836.2.5.2 Solvent Deasphalter Bottoms 1856.2.5.3 Asphalt, Tar, and Pitch 1876.3 Gas Production 1886.3.1 Partial Oxidation Technology 1896.3.1.1 Shell Gasification Process 1916.3.1.2 Texaco Process 1916.3.1.3 Phillips Process 1926.3.2 Catalytic Partial Oxidation 1926.4 Products 1936.4.1 Gas Purification and Quality 1946.4.2 Process Optimization 1956.5 Advantages and Limitations 195References 1987 Gasification of Biomass 2017.1 Introduction 2017.2 Biomass Types and Mixed Feedstocks 2057.2.1 Biomass 2057.2.2 Black Liquor 2097.2.3 Mixed Feedstocks 2107.2.3.1 Biomass with Coal 2117.2.3.2 Biomass with Waste 2137.3 Chemistry 2147.3.1 General Aspects 2157.3.2 Reactions 2187.3.2.1 Water Gas Shift Reaction 2227.3.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Gasification 2227.3.2.3 Hydrogasification 2237.3.2.4 Methanation 2247.4 Gasification Processes 2257.4.1 Gasifiers 2267.4.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 2317.5 Gas Production and Products 2327.5.1 Gas Production 2337.5.2 Products 2347.5.2.1 Synthesis Gas 2357.5.2.2 Low-Btu Gas 2367.5.2.3 Medium-Btu Gas 2377.5.2.4 High-Btu Gas 2377.5.3 Liquid Products 2387.5.4 Solid Products 2397.6 The Future 240References 2438 Gasification of Waste 2498.1 Introduction 2498.2 Waste Types 2518.2.1 Solid Waste 2518.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste 2528.2.3 Industrial Solid Waste 2538.2.4 Biosolids 2548.2.5 Biomedical Waste 2548.2.6 Mixed Feedstocks 2558.3 Feedstock Properties and Plant Safety 2558.4 Fuel Production 2568.4.1 Pre-Processing 2578.4.2 Gasifier Types 2598.4.2.1 Counter-Current Fixed Bed Gasifier 2598.4.2.2 Co-Current Fixed Bed Gasifier 2598.4.2.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 2608.4.2.4 Entrained Flow Gasifier 2608.4.2.5 Other Types 2618.4.3 Process Design 2628.4.4 Plasma Gasification 2638.5 Process Products 2648.5.1 Synthesis Gas 2648.5.2 Carbon Dioxide 2658.5.3 Tar 2658.5.4 Particulate Matter 2678.5.5 Halogens/Acid Gases 2678.5.6 Heavy Metals 2688.5.7 Alkalis 2698.5.8 Slag 2698.6 Advantages and Limitation 270References 2719 Gas Cleaning 2759.1 Introduction 2759.2 Gas Streams 2779.3 Water Removal 2829.3.1 Absorption 2829.3.2 Adsorption 2839.3.3 Cryogenics 2859.4 Acid Gas Removal 2859.4.1 Adsorption 2879.4.2 Absorption 2889.4.3 Chemisorption 2899.4.4 Other Processes 2949.5 Removal of Condensable Hydrocarbons 2979.5.1 Extraction 2999.5.2 Absorption 3009.5.3 Fractionation 3009.5.4 Enrichment 3019.6 Tar Removal 3029.6.1 Physical Methods 3029.6.2 Thermal Methods 3049.7 Particulate Matter Removal 3049.7.1 Cyclones 3049.7.2 Electrostatic Precipitators 3059.7.3 Granular-Bed Filters 3059.7.4 Wet Scrubbers 3069.8 Other Contaminant Removal 3069.8.1 Nitrogen Removal 3079.8.2 Ammonia Removal 3089.8.3 Siloxane Removal 3089.8.4 Alkali Metal Salt Removal 3099.8.5 Biological Methods 3099.8.5.1 Biofiltration 3109.8.5.2 Bioscrubbing 3129.8.5.3 Bio-Oxidation 3139.9 Tail Gas Cleaning 3139.9.1 Claus Process 3149.9.2 SCOT Process 315References 316Part 3: Applications 32110 Gasification in a Refinery 32310.1 Introduction 32310.2 Processes and Feedstocks 32410.2.1 Gasification of Residua 32710.2.2 Gasification of Residua with Coal 32810.2.3 Gasification of Residua with Biomass 32810.2.4 Gasification of Residua with Waste 33010.3 Synthetic Fuel Production 33210.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 33410.3.2 Fischer Tropsch Liquids 33410.3.3 Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 33610.3.3.1 Gasoline Production 33810.3.3.2 Diesel Production 33910.4 Sabatier-Senderens Process 34010.4.1 Methanol Production 34110.4.2 Dimethyl Ether Production 34210.5 The Future 344References 34711 Hydrogen Production 35311.1 Introduction 35311.2 Processes Requiring Hydrogen 35911.2.1 Hydrotreating 36011.2.2 Hydrocracking 36111.3 Feedstocks 36211.4 Process Chemistry 36211.5 Commercial Processes 36411.5.1 Autothermal Reforming 36511.5.2 Combined Reforming 36611.5.3 Dry Reforming 36711.5.4 Steam-Methane Reforming 36711.5.5 Steam-Naphtha Reforming 37011.6 Catalysts 37011.6.1 Reforming Catalysts 37111.6.2 Shift Conversion Catalysts 37211.6.3 Methanation Catalysts 37311.7 Hydrogen Purification 37311.7.1 Cryogenic Separation 37411.7.2 Desiccant Separation Systems 37411.7.3 Membrane Separation Systems 37411.7.4 Pressure Swing Adsorption Separation Systems 37511.7.5 Wet Scrubbing Systems 37611.8 Hydrogen Management 376References 37712 Fischer-Tropsch Process 38112.1 Introduction 38112.2 History and Development of the Process 38512.3 Synthesis Gas 38812.4 Production of Synthesis Gas 39112.4.1 Feedstocks 39312.4.2 Product Distribution 39612.5 Process Parameters 39712.6 Reactors and Catalysts 40012.6.1 Reactors 40012.6.2 Catalysts 40212.7 Products and Product Quality 40612.7.1 Products 40712.7.2.1 Gases 40712.7.1.2 Liquids 40712.7.2 Product Quality 41212.7.3 Upgrading Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 41512.8 Fischer-Tropsch Chemistry 41512.8.1 Chemical Principles 41612.8.2 Refining Fischer-Tropsch Products 421References 42313 Fuels and Chemicals Production 42713.1 Introduction 42713.2 Historical Aspects and Overview 43813.3 The Petrochemical Industry 44013.4 Petrochemicals 44513.4.1 Primary Petrochemicals 44613.4.2 Products 44713.4.3 Gaseous Fuels and Chemicals 45313.4.3.1 Ammonia 45313.4.3.2 Hydrogen 45413.4.3.3 Synthetic Natural Gas 45513.4.4 Liquid Fuels and Chemicals 45513.4.4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids 45513.4.4.2 Methanol 45613.4.4.3 Dimethyl Ether 45613.4.4.4 Methanol-to-Gasoline and Olefins 45613.4.4.5 Other Chemicals 45713.5 The Future 457References 46314 Gasification - A Process for Now and the Future 46714.1 Introduction 46714.2 Applications and Products 46814.2.1 Chemicals and Fertilizers 46814.2.2 Substitute Natural Gas 46914.2.3 Hydrogen for Crude Oil Refining 47014.2.4 Transportation Fuels 47014.2.5 Transportation Fuels from Tar Sand Bitumen 47114.2.6 Power Generation 47214.2.7 Waste-to-Energy 47314.2.8 Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels 47314.3 Environmental Benefits 47514.3.1 Carbon Dioxide 47614.3.2 Air Emissions 47614.3.3 Solids Generation 47714.3.4 Water Use 47714.4 Gasification - The Future 47714.4.1 The Process 47814.4.2 Refinery of the Future 47914.4.3 Economic Aspects 48014.4.4 Market Outlook 48114.5 Market Development 48214.6 Outlook 483References 485Coversion Factors 487Glossary 491About the Author 519Index 521

O autorze

James G. Speight, PhD, has more than forty-five years of experience in energy, environmental science, and ethics. He is the author of more than 65 books in petroleum science, petroleum engineering, biomass and biofuels, and environmental sciences. Although he has always worked in private industry which focused on contract-based work, Dr. Speight has served as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Chemical and Fuels Engineering at the University of Utah and in the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Wyoming. In addition, he was a Visiting Professor in the College of Science, University of Mosul, Iraq and has also been a Visiting Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia, the Technical University of Denmark, and the University of Trinidad and Tobago.